<p>The Prudential Assurance Building is a Grade II listed, Victorian Gothic revival style office building located on Dale Street in the centre of Liverpool, England.</p><br>
<p>It was designed by local architect Alfred Waterhouse (also noted for the Natural History Museum and Manchester Town Hall) and was constructed in 1885-6. The building was commissioned by the countrys leading insurance provider Prudential as its new regional offices in Liverpool. It was part of a series of buildings commissioned by the Prudential from Waterhouse, notably the firms large headquarters in London, now known as Holborn Bars.</p><br>
<p>Like the other Prudential commissions, the building is noted for its use of red architectural terracotta and brick. It has a tower which was added to the building by the architect&#39;s son Paul Waterhouse in 1905. Gold lettering above the first floor windows near the corner read Prudential Assurance Buildings, and Roman numerals at the same level on the corner bay commemorate the date of completion, 1886.</p><br>
<p>Alongside the likes of Liverpool Town Hall, Bank of England Building, India Buildings, White Star Building and the Tower Buildings. The Prudential Assurance Building is amongst the most architecturally important buildings in the commercial district which is one of the six areas that constitute Liverpool&#39;s status as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.</p><br>
<p>Fine Creek Mills Historic District is a property on the National Register of Historic Places in Powhatan County, Virginia, United States.</p><br>
<p>The Fine Creek Mills Historic District is composed of two adjacent parcels of land containing approximately 15 acre of land on either side of Robert E. Lee Road (Route 641) near the intersection of Huguenot Trail (Route 711) in Powhatan County, Virginia. Situated at a bend in the road where it originally crossed Fine Creek at the lower falls, the community of Fine Creek Mills developed as early as the 1730s when a gristmill was established along the creek. The community continued to flourish as a commercial center for the area into the mid 20th century with a school, post office and store also located there. With a road along Fine Creek leading to the ferry across the James River at Lee&#39;s Landing, Fine Creek Mills served as an important link to the James River and the railroad to Richmond.</p><br>
<p>The property included in the district consists of the Fine Creek Mill Ruins, the Fine Creek Manor Site (Peter Jefferson Home Site), and the Millers House, dating from the mid-18th century, as well as the Gatehouse/Cheese Factory, the Fine Creek School, the Store and the Chase-Harris House, all of which date to the early 20th century. Several other stores, a blacksmith shop, a coopers shop and a post office were also located in Fine Creek Mills at one time, but do not exist today.</p><br>
<p>A new reception facility, The Mill at Fine Creek, is sited in the historic district and makes the Miller&#39;s House available for overnight accommodation.</p><br>
<p>The Antoine LeClaire House is a historic building located on the east side of Davenport, Iowa, United States. It is a community center that was built as a private home by one of the founders of the city of Davenport. It also housed two of Davenport&#39;s Catholic bishops. The home was constructed in 1855. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974 and on the Davenport Register of Historic Properties in 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Antoine Le Claire</h3><br>
<p>Antoine Le Claire was an interpreter for the USA Government stationed at Fort Armstrong on Rock Island on the Mississippi River. In 1832 he was the interpreter for the treaty signing between the Sac (Sauk) and Meskwaki tribes and the United States after the Black Hawk War. The tribes gave Le Claire two parcels of land in Iowa, one at the top of the Rock Island Rapids and one below. The lower parcel became part of the city of Davenport, which he was instrumental in establishing in 1836.</p><br>
<p>Le Claire became Davenports first citizen. He established the first church (St. Anthonys), ferry service, steam mill, store, hotel and foundry. His philanthropy included the establishment of two other churches, the property for the Scott County Courthouse, and Iowa College, which later became Grinnell College. There is also some indication that Le Claire was involved in the Underground Railroad.</p><br>
<p>Le Claire agreed to build his first house on the location where the Black Hawk Treaty was signed. He built a small log structure on the site in 1833 after the treaty was ratified by the United States Senate. It was replaced by a small white house that became known as the Treaty House. Le Claire and his wife Marguerite lived in the modest house until 1855 when they built an Italianate mansion in the center of the Le Claire Reserve. The Reserve is one of the parcels deeded to Le Claire by the tribes and covers much of the east side of Davenport south of Locust Street. The house, and others being built by Davenport’s wealthier citizens, shows the progress the city had made in the twenty years since its founding.</p><br>
<p>Le Claire donated the Treaty House to the Mississippi and Missouri Railroad. It was not only Davenport’s first railroad station, but the first station west of the Mississippi. The house had to be moved from its original location. With his support, the first railroad bridge had been built across the Mississippi and its location was just below his Italianate mansion. It was completed a year after the house. The first locomotive to cross the river was named the Antoine LeClaire. The steamboat Effie Afton struct the bridge and the following lawsuit became one of Abraham Lincoln&#39;s best-known cases.</p><br>
<p>Le Claire and his wife lived in the mansion until they died in 1861 and 1876 respectively. The couple had no children, but they informally adopted his nephew, Louis Antoine Le Claire, after Antoine Le Claire’s half-brother Alexis died in 1849. He inherited the couple’s property upon their death.</p><br>
<h3>Diocese of Davenport</h3><br>
<p>The title to the St. Anthony&#39;s church property, named Church Square, was deeded by LeClaire to Bishop Mathias Loras of the Diocese of Dubuque in 1839 to support the Catholic Church in Davenport. Commercial properties were built on the east side of the block. Income from these properties was a factor in Davenport being named a see city with its own bishop in 1881. The Very Reverend John McMullen from Chicago was named the first bishop of the Diocese of Davenport. The clergy of the diocese purchased the LeClaire House for the bishop’s residence. McMullen died in the house less than two years later. His successor, Henry Cosgrove, moved into the residence after he was named Bishop of Davenport in 1884. When Cosgrove died in 1906 his successor, James Davis, chose to live elsewhere because the house needed extensive repairs and it needed to be renovated. Previously there had been a friendly rivalry between Cosgrove and Davis after Davis had a new rectory built at Sacred Heart Cathedral, where he was the rector, because his new home was larger and more modern. The diocese sold the LeClaire House and purchased the F.H. Miller House as the new residence for the bishop.</p><br>
<h3>Later years</h3><br>
<p>After the Catholic diocese sold the house in 1908 it was converted into apartments. At some point the original three porches were removed and the brick was painted white. By the start of World War I, the neighborhood was in decline and the LeClaire House began to deteriorate along with it.</p><br>
<p>In 1976 the Bicentennial Commission of the city of Davenport purchased the house as one of their projects. An extensive renovation process has been ongoing since then. Extensive work has been done to the exterior and interior with all the mechanical systems having been replaced.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The LeClaire House is a two-story, brick, 14-room Tuscan Italianate mansion on the top of a bluff 125 ft above the Mississippi River. The rooms are evenly divided on the two floors. The front square section of the house has four rooms on each floor and there are three rooms in a back wing. A large corridor stretches from the front to the back of the house on both floors. The exterior features a shallow hipped roof, wide, bracketed eaves and a belvedere on the top of the roof. The house has nine fireplaces, 12 ft high ceilings, ornate plaster medallions and a 3-story elliptical staircase. There are also Greek Revival elements to the house as well. They are found in the doorway framed between pilasters and the scroll pediments over the windows. The property originally had a circular drive made of cinders that was lighted with gas lamps. The estate also contained carriage barns, a summer kitchen, an ice house and a plum grove.</p><br>
<h2>Renovation Goals</h2><br>
<p>Five goals were established as guiding principles for the LeClaire House renovation:</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>The LeClaire House is historically significant both in its architecture and the importance of Antoine Le Claire to the local community. It was one of the first Italianate residences in Davenport, and was influential in the design of other large-scale homes in the city. Le Claire was the founder of the city, one of its most prominent philanthropists and entrepreneurs in its early years. He is also significant in the establishment of the Catholic Church in Davenport. While his death predates the establishment of the diocese, he donated the property for both St. Anthony’s and St. Margaret’s churches. The later church was largely built by LeClaire, and became the city’s first Catholic Cathedral.</p><br>
<p>The Nieuwpoort-Dunkirk Canal  is a canal which links the Belgian coastal town of Nieuwpoort with the French port Dunkirk. The Nieuwpoort-Dunkirk Canal forms an extension of the, and runs for 32 km pretty much parallel to the coast line, within two to four kilometers from the sea.</p><br>
<p>The canal starts at the so-called Ganzepoot lock complex at the mouth of the Yser in Nieuwpoort, where it connects the Yser, the North Sea and the Plassendale-Nieuwpoort Canal. The canal first circles around the old city center and then turns eastward, past the village of Wulpen in the municipality of Koksijde. Then the canal turns inland towards the city of Veurne, where it connects with the Canal. The canal goes around Veurne, and then bends back towards the shoreline by Adinkerke. After almost 19 km in Belgium, the canal continues into France, passing the communes of Bray-Dunes and Zuydcoote. In Dunkirk it connects again to the North Sea where the Nieuwpoort-Dunkirk Canal finally ends in linkups with the Bourbourg and Bergues canals.</p><br>
<p>The Plassendale-Nieuwpoort-Veurne-Dunkirk Canal was built around 1630; it connects with other canals built in that period, the (1613), and (1618).</p><br>
<p>The Canal de Furnes is the French name for the portion of the Nieuwpoort-Dunkirk Canal running in France, from Dunkirk to the Belgian border town of Veurne (Fr. Furnes). The Belgian border is at PK13.</p><br>
<p>Aitana is a mountain massif that is part of Prebaetic System in the eastern end of the Iberian Peninsula. Administratively, the mountainous area is located in the Marina Baixa, Alcoià and Comtat comarcas in the northern part of Alicante province, Valencian Community, Spain. Its peak at 1,558 metres above sea level is the highest point of the province.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Aitana mountain range is spread over an area of 2,000 hectares, about ten miles from the Mediterranean coast. Apart from Aitana, the highest peak that gives the name to the mountain system, other notable peaks are Penya Alta (1,506 m), Penya Catxa (1,467 m), El Mulero (1,308 m) and Alt del Carrascar (1,208 m).</p><br>
<p>Aitana is also a common girls&#39; name in the areas surrounding the mountain range. The summit has also been a mountain finish in la Vuelta a España a number of times. The Alto de Aitana is a 22.3 kilometer long grinder and has an average gradient of 6% and can also be compared with Mount Ventoux, though Ventoux is steeper.</p><br>
<h3>Appearances in Vuelta a España (since 2001)</h3><br>
<p>The Cathedral Church of St. Paul, is located in downtown Des Moines, Iowa, United States. It is the cathedral church of the Episcopal Diocese of Iowa. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2010 as St. Paul&#39;s Episcopal Church.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>St. Paul's Episcopal Church</h3><br>
<p>St. Paul&#39;s had its beginnings on October 15, 1854 when the first service was held at Fort Des Moines for ten communicants. A brick and frame church building was completed in 1857 on Seventh Street between Locust and Walnut Streets. By 1870 the congregation decided to replace its church building and purchased the current site.</p><br>
<p>The present church building was completed in 1885. It was designed by the Des Moines architectural firm of Foster & Liebbe in the Gothic Revival style. Its basement was not exposed as it is now because Ninth and High Streets were lowered at a later date. Originally the church had a wooden steeple, but it was destroyed in a storm in the 1930s. It was replaced in the 1960s by a structure with a steel core. Later the tower was strengthened when the 25-bell carillon was added. A kitchen was added below the sanctuary in 1939. The Rambusch Company redecorated the chancel in the 1940s and the current reredos was added at that time.</p><br>
<p>In 1950 the parish&#39;s rector, the Rev. Gordon V. Smith, was elected the sixth Bishop of Iowa. The parish house was built in 1952. The building was designed by Proudfoot, Bird and Rawson, and Brooks Borg Architects of Des Moines. The new addition created space for classrooms, clergy and staff offices, the Guild Hall, and a chapel.</p><br>
<p>The Rev. S. Suzanne Peterson was ordained a deacon at St. Paul&#39;s on December 18, 1976. She was the first woman ordained in the Diocese of Iowa.</p><br>
<p>A $1.4 million renovation was undertaken in the 1980s when the congregation decided to remain downtown. William Dikis was the architect for the project. Further renovations were undertaken to the chancel area when St. Pauls was made the cathedral of the diocese. The cathedra (Bishops chair), hand carved by a local artist, was installed in 1993, as was the current pipe organ. The new organ, Opus 3719, was built by Casavant Frères, Ltd of Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec. The St. Sacrament Chapel was added at this time, reusing the original tabernacle, and providing accessibility for communicants with mobility challenges.</p><br>
<p>Over the years St. Paul’s has assisted in the establishment of new mission churches in the Des Moines area. These churches and the year they were established include: St. Lukes in 1905, St. Andrews in 1950 and St. Timothy&#39;s in 1960.</p><br>
<h3>Cathedral Church</h3><br>
<p>In 1992 the Diocese of Iowa decided that St. Pauls would become the liturgical cathedral for the Diocese of Iowa. It shares this distinction with the diocese’s historic cathedral in Davenport, Trinity Cathedral. The liturgical ceremony designating St. Pauls as the cathedral took place on October 23, 1993. Bishop C. Christopher Epting, who had been the diocesan bishop since 1988 took his seat in the new cathedral in December 1993. Present at the ceremony was the founding Dean, Michael Barlowe (later Executive Officer of the General Convention of the Episcopal Church), and Ted Luscombe, the retired Bishop of Brechin and former Primus of the Scottish Episcopal Church.</p><br>
<h2>Pipe organ</h2><br>
<p>The Casavant Frères Ltée., (Opus 3719, 1997) pipe organ is located in the front of the sanctuary with some of the pipes exposed. It features a traditional style console with roll top. It is equipped with three manuals, seven divisions, 84 stops, 51 registers, 68 ranks, 3904 pipes, and electro-pneumatic (EP) chests. The manual compass is 61 notes and the pedal compass is 32 notes. The drawknobs are arraigned in vertical rows on angled jambs. There are balanced swell shoes/pedals with a standard AGO placement. The combination action is a computerized/digital system. Rounding out the features are AGO Standard (concave radiating) pedalboard, reversible full organ/tutti thumb piston, reversible full organ/tutti toe stud, combination action thumb pistons, combination action toe studs, coupler reversible thumb pistons, and coupler reversible toe studs.</p><br>
<p>Stoplist:</p><br>
<p>GRAND ORGUE</p><br>
<p>16&#39; Violonbasse 12</p><br>
<p>8&#39; Montre 61</p><br>
<p>8&#39; Violon 61</p><br>
<p>8&#39; Flûte à cheminée 61</p><br>
<p>8&#39; Flûte harmonique 49 a</p><br>
<p>4&#39; Prestant 61</p><br>
<p>4&#39; Flûte ouverte 61</p><br>
<p>2 2/3&#39; Quinte majeure 61</p><br>
<p>2&#39; Doublette 61</p><br>
<p>III Cornet 183</p><br>
<p>IV Fourniture 244</p><br>
<p>16&#39; Bombarde L/2 12</p><br>
<p>8&#39; Trompette 61</p><br>
<p>Tremblant</p><br>
<p>Unison Off</p><br>
<p>8&#39; Tuba Mirabilis CH</p><br>
<p>4&#39; Tuba Clarion CH</p><br>
<p>Chimes (existing)</p><br>
<p>MIDI</p><br>
<p>RÉCIT</p><br>
<p>16&#39; Bourdon doux 12</p><br>
<p>8&#39; Diapason 61</p><br>
<p>8&#39; Flûte majeure 61</p><br>
<p>8&#39; Viole de gambe 61</p><br>
<p>8&#39; Voix céleste 54</p><br>
<p>4&#39; Octave 61</p><br>
<p>4&#39; Flûte à fuseau 61</p><br>
<p>2 2/3&#39; Nazard 61</p><br>
<p>2&#39; Quarte de nazard 61</p><br>
<p>1 3/5&#39; Tierce 61</p><br>
<p>III-IV Plein jeu 232</p><br>
<p>16&#39; Basson L/2 12</p><br>
<p>8&#39; Trompette harmonique 61</p><br>
<p>8&#39; Hautbois 61</p><br>
<p>4&#39; Clairon harmonique 61</p><br>
<p>Tremblant</p><br>
<p>Unison Off</p><br>
<p>Super</p><br>
<p>MIDI</p><br>
<p>CHAMADE (floating)</p><br>
<p>16&#39; Bombarde-en-chamade tc</p><br>
<p>8&#39; Trompette-en-chamade 61</p><br>
<p>4&#39; Clairon-en-chamade 12</p><br>
<p>ANTIPHONAL (floating)</p><br>
<p>16&#39; Bourdon 12</p><br>
<p>8&#39; Montre 61</p><br>
<p>8&#39; Bourdon 61</p><br>
<p>4&#39; Prestant 61</p><br>
<p>4&#39; Flûte conique 61</p><br>
<p>2&#39; Principal 61</p><br>
<p>II-IV Mixture 184</p><br>
<p>CHOEUR</p><br>
<p>8&#39; Principal étroit 61</p><br>
<p>8&#39; Voce Umana 49</p><br>
<p>8&#39; Bourdon à cheminée 61</p><br>
<p>8&#39; Flûte majeure RE</p><br>
<p>8&#39; Flûte douce 61</p><br>
<p>8&#39; Flûte céleste 49</p><br>
<p>4&#39; Principal 61</p><br>
<p>4&#39; Flûte octaviante 61</p><br>
<p>2&#39; Principal 61</p><br>
<p>1 1/3&#39; Larigot 61</p><br>
<p>1&#39; Piccolo 61</p><br>
<p>III Cymbale 183</p><br>
<p>16&#39; Douçaine 12</p><br>
<p>8&#39; Clarinette 61</p><br>
<p>8&#39; Voix humaine 61</p><br>
<p>4&#39; Cor anglais 61</p><br>
<p>Tremblant</p><br>
<p>Unison off</p><br>
<p>Super</p><br>
<p>16&#39; Tuba Magna tc</p><br>
<p>8&#39; Tuba Mirabilis 61</p><br>
<p>4&#39; Tuba Clarion 12</p><br>
<p>Carillon pf</p><br>
<p>MIDI</p><br>
<p>PÉDALE</p><br>
<p>32&#39; Contre violon 12 b</p><br>
<p>16&#39; Contrebasse 32</p><br>
<p>16&#39; Soubasse 32</p><br>
<p>16&#39; Violonbasse GO</p><br>
<p>16&#39; Bourdon doux RE</p><br>
<p>8&#39; Octavebasse 32</p><br>
<p>8&#39; Flûte à cheminée GO</p><br>
<p>8&#39; Flûte majeure RE</p><br>
<p>4&#39; Octave 32</p><br>
<p>4&#39; Flûte ouverte GO</p><br>
<p>III Théorbe --</p><br>
<p>V Mixture 160</p><br>
<p>32&#39; Contre trombone 12</p><br>
<p>16&#39; Trombone 32</p><br>
<p>16&#39; Bombarde GO</p><br>
<p>16&#39; Basson RE</p><br>
<p>16&#39; Douçaine CH</p><br>
<p>8&#39; Trompette 12</p><br>
<p>8&#39; Trompette GO</p><br>
<p>8&#39; Clarinette CH</p><br>
<p>8&#39; Tuba Mirabilis CH</p><br>
<p>4&#39; Tuba Clarion CH</p><br>
<p>4&#39; Hautbois RE</p><br>
<p>Chimes</p><br>
<p>MIDI</p><br>
<p>ANTIPHONAL PEDAL</p><br>
<p>16&#39; Bourdon AN</p><br>
<p>8&#39; Bourdon AN</p><br>
<p>a=1-12 from Flûte à cheminée</p><br>
<p>b=added in 2009; located at the rear of the nave</p><br>
<p>Oatley Bay is a bay located in the Georges River Council, surrounded by the suburbs of Oatley, Hurstville Grove and Connells Point. The bay is part of the Georges River waterway. It is popular for boating, fishing, picnicking and bush walking, and is surrounded by waterfront properties. It also has the largest number of plants and animals in the Municipality of Kogarah protected in its reserves/parks, which include: Poulton Park, Redin Place Reserve, Oatley Point Reserve, Oatley Pleasure Grounds and Moore Reserve.</p><br>
<p>Two waterways flow either side of Hurstville Grove into Oatley Bay. One is the Municipality of Kogarah&#39;s last remaining natural creek which flows through Poulton Park; the other is channeled underground through Moore Reserve.</p><br>
<p>Oatley Bay also has one of the largest areas of mangroves in the Georges River, found on the eastern shore at Poulton Park.</p><br>
<p>The bay has a shallow depth, averaging about 1.5 metres, and is the end point for all run-off from the approximately 468-504 hectare Oatley Bay catchment, which has mild to steep slopes, averaging about 3.3%.</p><br>
<h2>Oatley Bay Boat Ramp</h2><br>
<p>One way of accessing Oatley Bay by boat is through Oatley Bay Boat Ramp. The boat ramp is in good quality and has 3 lanes- with the water depth at the ramp able to handle most boats. On one side of the ramp there is a small beach and on the other side there is a jetty. There are also toilets near the top of the ramp site and parking facilities for over 35 trailers.</p><br>
<p>The Bro Bowl was one of the last remaining skateboard parks of the 1970s and the first public skatepark to be built in Florida.</p><br>
<p>Located at Perry Harvey Sr. Park in Tampa, Florida, this facility opened in 1979. The Bro Bowl is a bank-style park more similar to the first generation skateparks of 1976-1977 rather than the late seventies parks which tended to focus on vert. What is also unusual about the Bro Bowl is that it was constructed as a free public skatepark during a time when most parks were private profit-driven ventures. In 1998, the Bro Bowl was featured in the fourth Birdhouse video, The End, starring Thrasher Magazine&#39;s pro skateboarder of the year, Andrew Reynolds. In 2010 the Bro Bowl became the subject of a documentary titled “The Bro Bowl: 30 Years of Tampa Concrete."</p><br>
<p>The Bro Bowl takes its name from its proximity to the city of Tampa&#39;s projects. In the early years it was common to hear skaters refer to the bowl as the place where the brothers riot. Over the years the press and even the mayor of Tampa have lost track of the history of the park and openly refer to the park by its colorful name.</p><br>
<p>Rhodes  is the largest of the Dodecanese islands in terms of land area and also the island groups historical capital. Administratively the island forms a separate municipality within the Rhodes regional unit, which is part of the South Aegean administrative region. The principal town of the island and seat of the municipality is Rhodes. The city of Rhodes had 50,636 inhabitants in 2011. It is located northeast of Crete, southeast of Athens and just off the Anatolian coast of Turkey. Rhodes nickname is The island of the Knights, named after the Knights of Saint John of Jerusalem, who once conquered the land.</p><br>
<p>Historically, Rhodes was famous worldwide for the Colossus of Rhodes, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. The Medieval Old Town of the City of Rhodes has been declared a World Heritage Site. Today, it is one of the most popular tourist destinations in Europe.</p><br>
<h2>Name</h2><br>
<p>The island has been known as Ρόδος in Greek throughout its history. In addition, the island has been called Rodi in Italian, Rodos in Turkish, and Rodi or Rodes in Ladino.</p><br>
<p>The Travels of Sir John Mandeville incorrectly reports that Rhodes was formerly called "Collosus", through a conflation of the Colossus of Rhodes and Paul&#39;s Epistle to the Colossians, which refers to Colossae.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The island of Rhodes is shaped like a spearhead, 79.7 km long and 38 km wide, with a total area of approximately 1,400 km&sup2; and a coastline of approximately 220 km. Limestone is the main bedrock. The city of Rhodes is located at the northern tip of the island, as well as the site of the ancient and modern commercial harbours. The main air gateway (Diagoras International Airport, IATA code: RHO) is located 14 km to the southwest of the city in Paradisi. The road network radiates from the city along the east and west coasts.</p><br>
<p>Outside of the city of Rhodes, the island is dotted with small villages and spa resorts, among them Faliraki, Lindos, Kremasti, Haraki, Pefkos, Archangelos, Afantou, Ixia, Koskinou, Embona (Attavyros), Paradisi, and Trianta (Ialysos). There are mineral-rich spring water (and sometimes sea water) used to give medicinal baths and the spa resorts offer various health treatments.</p><br>
<p>Rhodes is situated 363 km east-south-east from the Greek mainland, and 18 km from the southern shore of Turkey.</p><br>
<h3>Flora</h3><br>
<p>The interior of the island is mountainous, sparsely inhabited and covered with forests of pine (Pinus brutia) and cypress (Cupressus sempervirens). While the shores are rocky, the island has arable strips of land where citrus fruit, wine grapes, vegetables, olives and other crops are grown.</p><br>
<h3>Fauna</h3><br>
<p>The Rhodian population of fallow deer was found to be genetically distinct in 2005, and to be of urgent conservation concern. In Petaloudes Valley (Greek for "Valley of the Butterflies"), large numbers of tiger moths gather during the summer months. Mount Attavyros, at 1,216 m, is the island&#39;s highest point of elevation.</p><br>
<h3>Earthquakes</h3><br>
<p>Earthquakes include the 226 BC earthquake that destroyed the Colossus of Rhodes; one on 3 May 1481 which destroyed much of the city of Rhodes; and one on 26 June 1926.</p><br>
<p>On 15 July 2008, Rhodes was struck by a 6.3 magnitude earthquake causing minor damage to a few old buildings and one death.</p><br>
<h3>Climate</h3><br>
<p>Rhodes has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Csa in the Köppen climate classification).</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Early and classical antiquity</h3><br>
<p>The island was inhabited in the Neolithic period, although little remains of this culture. In the 16th century BC, the Minoans came to Rhodes. Later Greek mythology recalled a Rhodian race called the Telchines and associated the island of Rhodes with Danaus; it was sometimes nicknamed Telchinis.</p><br>
<p>In the 15th century BC, Mycenaean Greeks invaded. After the Bronze Age collapse, the first renewed outside contacts were with Cyprus.</p><br>
<p>In the 8th century BC, the island&#39;s settlements started to form, with the coming of the Dorians, who built the three important cities of Lindos, Ialyssos and Kameiros, which together with Kos, Cnidus and Halicarnassus (on the mainland) made up the so-called Dorian Hexapolis (Greek for six cities).</p><br>
<p>In Pindar&#39;s ode, the island was said to be born of the union of Helios the sun god and the nymph Rhodos, and the cities were named for their three sons. The rhoda is a pink hibiscus native to the island. Diodorus Siculus added that Actis, one of the sons of Helios and Rhode, travelled to Egypt. He built the city of Heliopolis and taught the Egyptians astrology.</p><br>
<p>Homer mentions that Rhodes participated in the Trojan War under the leadership of Tlepolemus.</p><br>
<p>In the second half of the 8th century, the sanctuary of Athena received votive gifts that are markers for cultural contacts: small ivories from the Near East and bronze objects from Syria. At Kameiros on the northwest coast, a former Bronze Age site, where the temple was founded in the 8th century, there is another notable contemporaneous sequence of carved ivory figurines. The cemeteries of Kameiros and Ialyssos yielded several exquisite exemplars of the Orientalizing Rhodian jewellery, dated in the 7th and early 6th centuries BC. Phoenician presence on the island at Ialysos is attested in traditions recorded much later by Rhodian historians.</p><br>
<p>The Persians invaded and overran the island, but they were in turn defeated by forces from Athens in 478 BC. The Rhodian cities joined the Athenian League. When the Peloponnesian War broke out in 431 BC, Rhodes remained largely neutral, although it remained a member of the League. The war lasted until 404 BC, but by this time Rhodes had withdrawn entirely from the conflict and decided to go her own way.</p><br>
<p>In 408 BC, the cities united to form one territory. They built the city of Rhodes, a new capital on the northern end of the island. Its regular plan was, according to Strabo, superintended by the Athenian architect Hippodamus.</p><br>
<p>In 357 BC, the island was conquered by the king Mausolus of Caria, then it fell again to the Persians in 340 BC. Their rule was also short.</p><br>
<h3>Hellenistic age</h3><br>
<p>Rhodes then became a part of the growing empire of Alexander the Great in 332 BC, after he defeated the Persians.</p><br>
<p>Following the death of Alexander, his generals vied for control of the kingdom. Three—Ptolemy, Seleucus, and Antigonus—succeeded in dividing the kingdom among themselves. Rhodes formed strong commercial and cultural ties with the Ptolemies in Alexandria, and together formed the Rhodo-Egyptian alliance that controlled trade throughout the Aegean in the 3rd century BC.</p><br>
<p>The city developed into a maritime, commercial and cultural center; its coins circulated nearly everywhere in the Mediterranean. Its famous schools of philosophy, science, literature and rhetoric shared masters with Alexandria: the Athenian rhetorician Aeschines, who formed a school at Rhodes; Apollonius of Rhodes; the observations and works of the astronomers Hipparchus and Geminus, the rhetorician Dionysius Thrax. Its school of sculptors developed, under Pergamese influence, a rich, dramatic style that can be characterized as "Hellenistic Baroque". Agesander of Rhodes, with two other Rhodian sculptors, carved the famous Laocoön group, now in the Vatican Museums, and the large sculptures rediscovered at Sperlonga in the villa of Tiberius, probably in the early Imperial period.</p><br>
<p>In 305 BC, Antigonus directed his son, Demetrius, to besiege Rhodes in an attempt to break its alliance with Egypt. Demetrius created huge siege engines, including a 180 ft battering ram and a siege tower named Helepolis that weighed 360,000 lb. Despite this engagement, in 304 BC after only one year, he relented and signed a peace agreement, leaving behind a huge store of military equipment. The Rhodians sold the equipment and used the money to erect a statue of their sun god, Helios, the statue since called the Colossus of Rhodes.</p><br>
<p>Throughout the 3rd century BC, Rhodes attempted to secure her independence and her commerce, most especially her virtual control over the grain trade in the eastern Mediterranean. Both of these goals were dependent upon no one of the three great Hellenistic states achieving dominance, and consequently the Rhodians pursued a policy of maintaining a balance of power among the Antigonids, Seleucids and Ptolemies, even if that meant going to war with her traditional ally, Egypt. To this end they employed as leverage their economy and their excellent navy, which was manned by proverbially the finest sailors in the Mediterranean world: "If we have ten Rhodians, we have ten ships." The Rhodians also established their dominance on the shores of Caria across their island, which became known as the "Rhodian Peraia". It extended roughly from the modern city of Muğla (ancient Mobolla) in the north and Kaunos bordering Lycia in the south, near the present-day Dalyan, Turkey.</p><br>
<p>Rhodes successfully carried on this policy through the course of the third century BC, an impressive achievement for what was essentially a democratic state. By the end of that period, however, the balance of power was crumbling, as declining Ptolemaic power made Egypt an attractive target for Seleucid ambitions. In 203/2 BC the young and dynamic kings of Antigonid Macedon and Seleucid Asia, Philip V and Antiochus III, agreed to accept—at least temporarily—their respective military ambitions, Philips campaign in the Aegean and western Anatolia and Antiochus’ final solution of the Egyptian question. Heading a coalition of small states, the Rhodians checked Philips navy, but not his superior army. Without a third power to which to turn, the Rhodians appealed in 201 BC to the Roman Republic.</p><br>
<p>Despite being exhausted by the titanic struggle against Hannibal (218-201 BC) the Romans agreed to intervene, having already been stabbed in the back by Philip during the war against Carthage. The Senate saw the appeal from Rhodes and her allies as the opportunity to pressure Philip. The result was the Second Macedonian War (200-196 BC), which ended Macedon&#39;s role as a major player and preserved Rhodian independence. Rhodian influence in the Aegean was cemented through the organization of the Cyclades into the Second Nesiotic League under Rhodian leadership.</p><br>
<p>The Romans actually withdrew from Greece after the end of the conflict, but the resulting power vacuum quickly drew in Antiochus and subsequently the Romans, who defeated (192-188 BC) the last Mediterranean power that might even vaguely threaten their predominance. Having provided Rome with valuable naval help in her first foray into Asia, the Rhodians were rewarded with territory and enhanced status. The Romans once again evacuated the east – the Senate preferred clients to provinces – but it was clear that Rome now ruled the world and Rhodian autonomy was ultimately dependent upon good relations with them.</p><br>
<p>And those good graces soon evaporated in the wake of the Third Macedonian War (171-168 BC). In 169 BC, during the war against Perseus, Rhodes sent Agepolis as ambassador to the consul Quintus Marcius Philippus, and then to Rome in the following year, hoping to turn the Senate against the war. Rhodes remained scrupulously neutral during the war, but in the view of hostile elements in the Senate she had been a bit too friendly with the defeated King Perseus. Some actually proposed declaring war on the island republic, but this was averted. In 164, Rhodes became a permanent ally of Rome, ending an independence that no longer had any meaning. It was said that the Romans ultimately turned against the Rhodians because the islanders were the only people they had encountered who were more arrogant than themselves.</p><br>
<p>After surrendering its independence Rhodes became a cultural and educational center for Roman noble families and was especially noted for its teachers of rhetoric, such as Hermagoras and the unknown author of Rhetorica ad Herennium. At first, the state was an important ally of Rome and enjoyed numerous privileges, but these were later lost in various machinations of Roman politics. Cassius eventually invaded the island and sacked the city. In the early Imperial period Rhodes became a favorite place for political exiles.</p><br>
<p>In the 1st century AD, the Emperor Tiberius spent a brief term of exile on Rhodes. Saint Paul brought Christianity to people on the island. Rhodes reached her zenith in the 3rd century.</p><br>
<p>In ancient times there was a Roman saying: "hic Rhodus, hic salta!"—"Here is Rhodes, jump here", an admonition to prove ones idle boasts by deed rather than talk. It comes from an Aesops fable called "The Boastful Athlete" and was cited by Hegel and Marx.</p><br>
<h3>Byzantine period</h3><br>
<p>In 395 with the division of the Roman Empire, the long Byzantine period began for Rhodes. In Late Antiquity, the island was the capital of the Roman province of the Islands, headed by a praeses (hegemon in Greek), and encompassing most of the Aegean islands, with twenty cities. Correspondingly, the island was also the metropolis of the ecclesiastical province of Cyclades, with eleven suffragan sees.</p><br>
<p>Beginning from ca. 600 AD, its influence in maritime issues was manifested in the collection of maritime laws known as "Rhodian Sea Law" (Nomos Rhodion Nautikos), accepted throughout the Mediterranean and in use throughout Byzantine times (and influencing the development of admiralty law up to the present). In 622/3, during the climactic Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628, Rhodes was captured by the Sasanian navy.</p><br>
<p>Rhodes was occupied by the Islamic Umayyad forces of Caliph Muawiyah I in 654, who carried off the remains of the Colossus of Rhodes. The island was again captured by the Arabs in 673 as part of their first attack on Constantinople. When their fleet was destroyed by Greek fire before Constantinople and by storms on its return trip, however, the island was evacuated in 679/80 as part of the Byzantine–Umayyad peace treaty. In 715 the Byzantine fleet dispatched against the Arabs launched a rebellion at Rhodes, which led to the installation of Theodosios III on the Byzantine throne.</p><br>
<p>From the early 8th to the 12th centuries, Rhodes belonged to the Cibyrrhaeot Theme of the Byzantine Empire, and was a centre for shipbuilding and commerce. In 1090, it was occupied by the forces of the Seljuk Turks, not long after the Battle of Manzikert. Rhodes was recaptured by the Emperor Alexios I Komnenos during the First Crusade.</p><br>
<p>As Byzantine central power weakened under the Angeloi emperors (1185–1204), in the first half of the 13th century, Rhodes became the centre of an independent domain under Leo Gabalas and his brother John, until it was occupied by the Genoese in 1248–1250. The Genoese were evicted by the Empire of Nicaea, after which the island became a regular province of the Nicaean state (and after 1261 of the restored Byzantine Empire). In 1305, the island was given as a fief to Andrea Morisco, a Genoese adventurer who had entered Byzantine service. But, Rhodes was controlled by Menteşe, was one of Anatolian beyliks between 1300 and 1314.</p><br>
<h3>Crusader and Islamic rule</h3><br>
<p>In 1306–1310, the Byzantine era of the islands history came to an end when the island was occupied by the Knights Hospitaller. Under the rule of the newly named "Knights of Rhodes", the city was rebuilt into a model of the European medieval ideal. Many of the citys famous monuments, including the Palace of the Grand Master, were built during this period.</p><br>
<p>The strong walls which the knights had built withstood the attacks of the Sultan of Egypt in 1444, and a siege by the Ottomans under Mehmed II in 1480. Eventually, however, Rhodes fell to the large army of Suleiman the Magnificent in December 1522. The Sultan deployed 400 ships delivering 100,000 men to the island (200,000 in other sources). Against this force the Knights, under Grand Master Philippe Villiers de LIsle-Adam, had about 7,000 men-at-arms and their fortifications. The siege lasted six months, at the end of which the surviving defeated Hospitallers were allowed to withdraw to the Kingdom of Sicily. Despite the defeat, both Christians and Muslims seem to have regarded the conduct of Villiers de LIsle-Adam as extremely valiant, and the Grand Master was proclaimed a Defender of the Faith by Pope Adrian VI (see Knights of Cyprus and Rhodes). The knights would later move their base of operations to Malta.</p><br>
<p>Rhodes was thereafter a possession of the Ottoman Empire (see Sanjak of Rhodes) for nearly four centuries.</p><br>
<h3>Modern history</h3><br>
<p>The island was populated by ethnic groups from the surrounding nations, including Jews. Under Ottoman rule, they generally did fairly well, but discrimination and bigotry occasionally arose. In February 1840, the Jews of Rhodes were falsely accused of ritually murdering a Christian boy. This became known as the Rhodes blood libel.</p><br>
<p>Austria opened a post-office at RHODUS (Venetian name) before 1864, as witnessed by stamps with Franz-Josef head.</p><br>
<p>In 1912, Italy seized Rhodes from the Turks during the Italo-Turkish War. The islands population thus bypassed many of the events associated with the "exchange of the minorities" between Greece and Turkey. After World War I, the island, together with the rest of the Dodecanese, was officially assigned to Italy in the Treaty of Lausanne. It then became the core of their possession of the Isole Italiane dellEgeo.</p><br>
<p>Rhodes harbor 2017:</p><br>
<p>Rhodes panorama 2017:</p><br>
<p>Following the Italian Armistice of 8 September 1943, the British attempted to get the Italian garrison on Rhodes to change sides. This was anticipated by the German Army, which succeeded in occupying the island with the Battle of Rhodes. In great measure, the German occupation caused the British failure in the subsequent Dodecanese Campaign.</p><br>
<p>The Turkish Consul Selahattin Ülkümen succeeded, at considerable risk to himself and his family, in saving 42 Jewish families, about 200 persons in total, who had Turkish citizenship or were members of Turkish citizens&#39; families.</p><br>
<p>On 8 May 1945 the Germans under Otto Wagener surrendered Rhodes as well as the Dodecanese as a whole to the British, who soon after then occupied the islands as a military protectorate.</p><br>
<p>In 1947, Rhodes, together with the other islands of the Dodecanese, was united with Greece.</p><br>
<p>In 1949, Rhodes was the venue for negotiations between Israel and Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon, and Syria, concluding with the 1949 Armistice Agreements.</p><br>
<p>The name of the US state of Rhode Island is based on a reference to Rhodes by Italian explorer Giovanni Verrazano. In a 1524 letter detailing his excursion into the waters around either Block Island or Aquidneck Island Verrazano wrote that he "discovered an Ilande in the form of a triangle, distant from the maine lande 3 leagues, about the bignesse of the Ilande of the Rodes".</p><br>
<h2>Archaeology</h2><br>
<p>The Colossus of Rhodes was considered to be one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. This giant bronze statue was documented as once standing at the harbour. It was completed in 280 BC and destroyed in an earthquake in 224 BC. No trace of the statue remains today.</p><br>
<p>Historical sites on the island of Rhodes include the Acropolis of Lindos, the Acropolis of Rhodes with the Temple of Pythian Apollo and an ancient theatre and stadium, ancient Ialysos, ancient Kamiros, the Governor&#39;s Palace, Rhodes Old Town (walled medieval city), the Palace of the Grand Masters, Kahal Shalom Synagogue in the Jewish Quarter, the Archeological Museum, the ruins of the castle of Monolithos, the castle of Kritinia, St. Catherine Hospice and Rhodes Footbridge.</p><br>
<h2>Religion</h2><br>
<h3>Christianity</h3><br>
<p>The predominant religion is Greek Orthodox; the island is the seat of the Metropolis of Rhodes.</p><br>
<p>There is a significant Latin Catholic minority on the island, many of whom are descendants of Italians who remained after the end of the Italian occupation, pastorally served by the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Rhodes.</p><br>
<h3>Islam</h3><br>
<p>Rhodes has a Turkish Muslim minority, a remnant from Ottoman Turkish times.</p><br>
<p>They are organized around the Turkish Association of Rhodes (Rodos Türk Derneği), which gives the figure 3,500 for the population they bring together and represent for the island.</p><br>
<p>The number of the Turks in Rhodes could be as many as 4,000.</p><br>
<h3>Judaism</h3><br>
<p>The Jewish community of Rhodes goes back to the first century AD. Kahal Shalom Synagogue, established in 1557, during the Ottoman era, is the oldest synagogue in Greece and still stands in the Jewish quarter of the old town of Rhodes. At its peak in the 1920s, the Jewish community was one-third of the town&#39;s total population. In the 1940s, there were about 2000 Jews of various ethnic backgrounds. The Nazis deported and killed most of the community during the Holocaust. Kahal Shalom has been renovated with the help of foreign donors but few Jews live year-round in Rhodes today, so services are not held on a regular basis.</p><br>
<p>The Jewish Museum of Rhodes was established in 1997 to preserve the Jewish history and culture of the Jews of Rhodes. It is adjacent to the Kahal Shalom Synagogue.</p><br>
<h2>Government</h2><br>
<p>The present municipality Rhodes was formed at the 2011 local government reform by the merger of the following 10 former municipalities, that became municipal units (constituent communities in parentheses):</p><br>
<p>Afantou (Afantou, Archipoli)</p><br>
<p>Archangelos (Archangelos, Malonas, Masari)</p><br>
<p>Attavyros (Embonas, Kritinia, Monolithos, Siana, Agios Isidoros)</p><br>
<p>Ialysos</p><br>
<p>Kallithea (Kalythies, Koskinou, Psinthos)</p><br>
<p>Kameiros (Soroni, Apollona, Dimylia, Kalavarda, Platania, Salakos, Fanes)</p><br>
<p>Lindos (Lindos, Kalathos, Laerma, Lardos, Pylona)</p><br>
<p>Petaloudes (Kremasti, Pastida, Maritsa, Paradeisi, Theologos, Damatria)</p><br>
<p>Rhodes</p><br>
<p>South Rhodes (Gennadi, Apolakkia, Arnitha, Asklipieio, Vati, Istrios, Kattavia, Lachania, Mesanagros, Profilia)</p><br>
<p>The municipality has an area of 1400.681 km. It covers the island of Rhodes and a few uninhabited offshore islets. Rhodes city was the capital of the former Dodecanese Prefecture. Rhodes is the most populated island of the South Aegean Region.</p><br>
<h3>Towns and villages</h3><br>
<p>Rhodes has 43 towns and villages:</p><br>
<h2>Economy</h2><br>
<p>The economy is tourist-oriented, and the most developed sector is service. Tourism has elevated Rhodes economically, compared to the rest of Greece.</p><br>
<p>Small industries process imported raw materials for local retail, though other industry includes agricultural goods production, stockbreeding, fishery and winery.</p><br>
<h2>Transportation</h2><br>
<h3>Air</h3><br>
<p>Rhodes has three airports but only one is public. Diagoras Airport, one of the biggest in Greece, is the main entrance/exit point for both locals and tourists. The island is well connected with other major Greek cities and islands as well as with major European capitals and cities via charter flights.</p><br>
<p>Rhodes International Airport, "Diagoras": public airport, 14 km southwest of Rhodes City, third in international passenger volume and fourth in total passenger volume in Greece.</p><br>
<p>Rhodes Maritsa Airport: closed to public, near Maritsa village. Built in 1938 by the Italians, it was the first airport of the island and was the public airport until 1977. Nowadays, it serves the Hellenic Air Force and is sometimes used for car races.</p><br>
<p>Kalathos Airfield: inoperative, 7 km north of Lindos. Built by the Italians during World War II, was called Aeroporto di Gadurrà. Today only the runway is visible.</p><br>
<p>Kattavia Airstrip, located in the south of the island it was an emergency airstrip built by the Italians during World War II. Today it is abandoned.</p><br>
<p>Two pilot schools offer aviation services (small plane rental and island hopping).</p><br>
<h3>Sea</h3><br>
<p>Rhodes has five ports, three of them in Rhodes City, one in the west coast near Kamiros and one in east coast near Lardos.</p><br>
<p>Central Port: located in the city of Rhodes serves exclusively international traffic consisting of scheduled services to/from Turkey, cruise ships and yachts. Since Summer 2012, the port is also a homeport for Costa Cruises during the summer period.</p><br>
<p>Kolona Port: opposite and north of the central port, serves intra-Dodecanese traffic and all sizes yachts.</p><br>
<p>Akandia Port: the new port of the island, south and next to the central port, being built since the 1960s, for domestic, cargo and general purpose traffic. No land facilities exist although the municipality is in the process of erecting a passenger terminal.</p><br>
<p>Kamiros Skala Dock: 30 km south west of the city near Ancient Kamiros ruins serves mainly the island of Halki</p><br>
<p>Lardos Dock: formerly servicing local industries, now under development as an alternative port for times when the central port is inaccessible due to weather conditions. It is situated in a rocky shore near the village of Lardos in south east Rhodes.</p><br>
<h3>Road network</h3><br>
<p>The road network of the island is mostly paved. There are four major arteries:</p><br>
<p>Rhodes-Kamiros Province Avenue: Two lane, runs through the west coast north to south and connects Rhodes City with Diagoras Airport and Kamiros.</p><br>
<p>Rhodes-Lindos National Avenue (Greek National Road 95): Four and two lane, runs mainly inland north to south and connects Rhodes City with Lindos. Part from Rhodes Town until Kolympia is now 4 lanes, the rest until Lindos is 2 lanes.</p><br>
<p>Rhodes-Kallithea Province Avenue: Two lanes, runs through the east coast north to south and connects Rhodes City with Faliraki Resort.</p><br>
<p>Tsairi-Airport National Avenue: Four and two lane, runs inland east to west and connects the east coast with the west and the airport.</p><br>
<p>Lindos-Katavia Province Avenue: Two lane, begins just before Lindos and though villages and resorts leads to Katavia village, the southernmost of the island, from where a further deviation leads to Prasonissi.</p><br>
<p>Rhodes Town Ring Road: First part beginning from the new marina and ending to Rhodes-Kallithea province avenue is now almost complete as a four lane expressway. Traffic lights will be installed till the end of 2013 which will mark the completion of the road making left turns available.</p><br>
<p>Future roads:</p><br>
<p>Further widening of E-95 from Kolympia to Lindos. This is to be four lane with a jersey barrier in the middle. It is still unknown when constructions will begin and most importantly end.</p><br>
<p>Plans also exist for a new four lane express road connecting Rhodes Town with Diagoras Airport that is intended to relieve congestion on the coastal west avenue.</p><br>
<h3>Bus</h3><br>
<p>Bus services are handled by two operators:</p><br>
<p>RODA: Rhodes City company that also services suburban areas (Faliraki, Ialysos, Kremasti, Airport, Pastida, Maritsa, Paradeisi) and the west coast of the island</p><br>
<p>KTEL: State-owned buses that serve villages and resorts in the east coast of the island</p><br>
<h3>Cars and motorbikes</h3><br>
<p>Families in Rhodes often own more than one car, along with a motorbike. Traffic jams are common particularly in the summer months. The island is served by 450 taxis.</p><br>
<h2>Sports</h2><br>
<p>Football: AS Rodos and Diagoras F.C. are the islands biggest teams and rivals. Both used to compete at the national level until a couple of years ago reaching National B division but currently both compete at the first-tier local level. Local football leagues (organized at the prefecture level) contain three divisions with more than 50 teams. Many stadia are grass covered.</p><br>
<p>Basketball: Colossus BC sponsors professional basketball and currently plays in the top-level Greek Basket League. The local league includes two divisions with 14 teams. Two indoor courts exist in Rhodes City, and one each in Ialysos and Kremasti.</p><br>
<p>Volleyball: local teams only.</p><br>
<p>Water polo: mostly amateur based. There is not any single indoor pool on the island.</p><br>
<p>Rugby: introduced in 2007. Teams compete at the national level.</p><br>
<p>Tennis: tennis has a long history on the island.</p><br>
<p>Sailing: Island has competed at the international level</p><br>
<p>Cycling: for a long period of time Rhodes had the only cycling track in Greece, producing Olympics-level competitors.</p><br>
<p>Rhodes competes in the bi-annual Island Games, which it hosted in 2007.</p><br>
<h2>Culture</h2><br>
<p>Local specialities of Rhodes include: avranies, koulouria, pouggia, tsirigia, fanouropita, katimeria, melekouni, pouggakia, takakia, or mantinades, muchalebi and pitaroudia. The pitaroudia is a large chick pea fritter, and is a characteristic dish in Rhodes.</p><br>
<h2>Notable people</h2><br>
<p>Agesander (1st century BC), sculptor</p><br>
<p>Apollonius (3rd century BC), epic poet</p><br>
<p>Chares of Lindos (3rd century BC), sculptor</p><br>
<p>Cleobulus of Lindos (6th century BC), philosopher and one of the Seven Sages of Ancient Greece</p><br>
<p>Diagoras (5th century BC), boxer, multiple Olympic winner</p><br>
<p>Dinocrates (4th century BC), architect and technical adviser for Alexander the Great</p><br>
<p>Hecato (c. 100 BC), Stoic philosopher</p><br>
<p>Hieronymus, (c.290-c.230 BC), Peripatetic philosopher</p><br>
<p>Hipparchus, (2nd century BC), astronomer, mathematician, geographer, founder of trigonometry</p><br>
<p>Leonidas (2nd century BC), athlete</p><br>
<p>Memnon (380–333 BC), commander of mercenary army</p><br>
<p>Mentor (385-340 BC), mercenary soldier, brother of Memnon</p><br>
<p>Panaetius (c. 185 - c. 110/109 BC), Stoic philosopher</p><br>
<p>Timocreon (5th century BC), poet</p><br>
<p>Joannicius II of Constantinople, Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople</p><br>
<p>Reşit Galip, Turkish politician, one of the first ministers of education of the Republic of Turkey</p><br>
<p>Niki Xanthou, long jumper</p><br>
<p>Nick Galis, basketball player, FIBA Hall of Fame and Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame member (his father was born in a small village called Agios Isidoros)</p><br>
<p>Braith Anasta, rugby league player and NRL premiership winner (ancestral ties to the island through his father, Petros ("Peter") Anastasakis)</p><br>
<h2>Tourism</h2><br>
<p>Rhodes is one of the most attractive tourist destinations in Greece. After Crete the island is the most visited destination in Greece, with arrivals standing at 1.785.305 in 2013. In 2014 they stood at 1.931.005, while in 2015 the arrival number reduced slightly and stood at 1.901.000. The average length of stay is estimated at 8 days. Guests from Great Britain, Israel, France, Italy, Sweden and Norway are the ones that constitute the biggest portion in terms of the arrivals by country. In Rhodes the supply of available rooms is high, since more than 550 hotels are operating in the island, the majority of which are 2 star hotels. Additionally, in terms of competitiveness, the World Tourism Organization ranks Greece in the 31st position globally.</p><br>
<p>The Grosse Pointe Memorial Church  is a church located at 16 Lake Shore Dr. in Grosse Pointe Farms, Michigan. it is a member of the. It was designated a Michigan State Historic Site in 1990 and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1993.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>During the 18th and early 19th centuries, the area that is now the Grosse Pointes was largely Roman Catholic. By the mid-19th century, though, the area was being used more heavily as a summer resort for residents of Detroit, and enough Protestants had moved into the area to warrant their own church. In 1865, a group of Grosse Pointe residents founded the nondenominational Grosse Pointe Protestant Evangelical Church; two years later, the group built a church at the corner of Lake Shore Drive and Kerby on land donated by Rufus Kerby. In 1894, Joseph H. Berry donated land near his home, which encompassed the site of the present church. A second building, known as the "ivy covered church," was built on the site.</p><br>
<p>In 1920, the congregation reorganized as a Presbyterian church. to the congregation for a new church building, as a memorial to their parents John and Helen. The congregation hired architect W. E. N. Hunter to design the current building, which consists of the church itself and four additional units, constructed between 1923 and 1927. In 1925, the church changed its name to "The Grosse Pointe Memorial Church," reflecting the Newberry&#39;s gift. The new sanctutary, built on the site of the ivy-covered church, was dedicated to the original founders of the congregation on May 15, 1927.</p><br>
<p>An educational wing was added to the structure in 1962. The additional space housed the Barbour Chapel, Fitt Library, Fellowship Hall, and more Christian Education facilities. The church building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1993. In 1997, the church undertook a major renovation project, which included adding a lakeside entry and reception area and enlarging the chancel.</p><br>
<h2>Modern History</h2><br>
<h3>Pastor and Staff</h3><br>
<p>Today, Grosse Pointe Memorial Church is led by the Rev. Dr. Peter J. M. Henry. It employs approximately 25 people, both full and part time.</p><br>
<h3>Capital Campaign</h3><br>
<p>In 2014, GPMC undertook a capital campaign for various renovations around the church, as well as starting new projects. Examples include:</p><br>
<p>Stained Glass Windows</p><br>
<p>• Remove, Repair, Reinforce, Reinstall</p><br>
<p>Carillon</p><br>
<p>• Repair steel frame that holds bells</p><br>
<p>• Rewire connections to console</p><br>
<p>• Recast</p><br>
<p>• Rehang existing bells</p><br>
<p>• Add new and final bell (the largest)</p><br>
<p>Outreach: Habitat for Humanity</p><br>
<p>• 3 Habitat Houses in 3 Years</p><br>
<p>Columbarium</p><br>
<p>• Expand capacity by approx 250 niches</p><br>
<p>Sanctuary Upgrades</p><br>
<p>• Wiring for lights</p><br>
<p>• Boiler</p><br>
<p>Crib and Toddler Wing</p><br>
<p>• Update & renovate</p><br>
<p>• More secure and welcoming</p><br>
<p>Fellowship Hall and Youth Recreation Space</p><br>
<p>Capital Endowment Funds</p><br>
<h3>"Back 40" and Trinity Terrace Renovations</h3><br>
<p>The outdoor space behind the church on Lake Saint Clair is used as a worship space during the summer months. When the Capital Campaign was completed, it was expanded and renovated to create a flatter space. A playground was also installed, the garden was put in, and a shed was constructed. The "Back 40" was renamed Trinity Terrace. The expansion and renovation was mainly financed by the Kaiser family with the help of the company.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The Grosse Pointe Memorial Church is a Neo-Gothic structure built of ashlar limestone trimmed with smooth sandstone and a slate roof. The structure is asymmetrically massed, with a cross-gable roof and bell tower. The front facade of the church is topped with a front gable. Each side elevation has four bays with pairs of stained-glass clerestory windows; the bays are separated by piers.</p><br>
<p>The central nave is laid out in the form of a Latin cross with a vaulted ceiling. Aisles on each side are separated from the nave by masonry pillars, with the clerestory windows above. On each side of the church, three-story cross-gabled units present arched entryways and flat-topped diamond-pane windows.</p><br>
<p>The church contains carvings by German sculptor Alois Lang and stained glass windows designed by the Willet Studios.</p><br>
<p>The East 73rd Street Historic District is a block of that street on the Upper East Side of the New York City borough of Manhattan. It is a neighborhood of small rowhouses built from the mid-19th to early 20th centuries.</p><br>
<p>Many of the houses were originally carriage houses for wealthy residents of the Upper East Side, such as Edward Harkness, and their facades still reflect that origin. Among the architects who designed the buildings were Richard Morris Hunt and Charles Romeyn. Later owners included Joseph Pulitzer. Eventually the buildings were converted for automotive use. Some have become purely residential.</p><br>
<p>The block has remained architecturally distinct even as those around it have seen larger and more modern construction replace all or some of their original buildings. In 1980 the individual buildings were designated New York City Landmarks, and two years later it was added to the National Register of Historic Places as a single historic district.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Most of the buildings on either side of 73rd Street between Lexington and Third Avenues are part of the 1.4 acre district. Specifically, the fifteen buildings from 161 to 169 and from 166 to 182 East 73rd Street make up the historic district. This excludes the two large apartment buildings, constructed later at the intersection with Lexington Avenue on the west side of the block.</p><br>
<p>This area is flat and just outside the boundaries of the larger Upper East Side Historic District, designated later. The buildings along this block are from three to five stories in height, lower than the more modern buildings on adjacent blocks. All are contributing properties; there are no non-contributing resources in the district.</p><br>
<p>At the time of its creation the district was not contiguous with the Upper East Side Historic District to the west. In 2010 that district&#39;s boundaries were extended slightly by the city so that it now includes the buildings at 150 and 153–157 (usually referred to as 155) East 73rd Street, immediately adjacent to the district. This extension has not yet been recognized at the state or federal level.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Development of the future Upper East Side began in the early 1860s with the construction of rowhouses for middle and working class buyers on the cross streets several blocks east of Central Park. Among those houses were a row of six built by an E.H. Robbins on East 73rd. Two of those, 171 and 175, are the only rowhouses left from that group.</p><br>
<p>In the decades at the end of the century, the city&#39;s wealthy began building large houses for themselves near the park, sometimes demolishing the original rowhouses to do so. The East 73rd Street houses were not in an ideal location for such housing, but they were the right distance for carriage houses for their horses and buggies: a short walk from their houses but far enough away that the noise and odor would not disturb them. They usually included housing for the servants who fed and drove the horses.</p><br>
<p>Richard Morris Hunt designed 166 East 73rd, the first one, for art collector Henry Marquand in 1883. In 1890 the large stable at 182 was built to rent stable space to owners who did not want or could not afford to build their own carriage houses. The other carriage houses were gradually built in the 1890s, with the last ones completed early in the next century. Among these, Charles Romeyn contributed the neo-Flemish building next to Hunts in 1899. Shortly after Marquards death, Hunt&#39;s was sold to Joseph Pulitzer, then publisher of the New York World, who lived several blocks to the east at 73rd and Park.</p><br>
<p>By this time the automobile was beginning to come into use, especially among the wealthy residents of the Upper East Side. In 1906 the newest building in the district, 177–79 East 73rd, was built specifically to house cars instead of horses. Two years later, in 1908, the commercial stable across from it at 182 was converted for automotive use as well.</p><br>
<p>At that same time, in 1907, Standard Oil heir and philanthropist Edward Harkness, who lived nearby at Fifth Avenue and 75th Street, bought 161. He spent two years converting it into a garage with a squash court and locker room upstairs, in addition to chauffeur&#39;s quarters. Gradually the other carriage houses followed, with some being sold and converted into owner-occupied housing with an attached garage. By 1920 this process was complete, and the neighborhood assumed its present form.</p><br>
<p>During the 20th century some of the buildings took on importance in the citys musical community. Pulitzers estate sold the carriage house at 166 to the MacDowell Club, named after composer and pianist Edward MacDowell, after his death. The club in turn sold it to the Central Gospel Chapel of New York, which met there until 1980. In 1950 the Dalcroze School of Music in New York, the only music teachers&#39; training school in the Western Hemisphere personally authorized by Émile Jaques-Dalcroze, moved into 161 for a few decades.</p><br>
<h2>Buildings</h2><br>
<p>The districts buildings fall into three types, representing different eras of local development: two Italianate rowhouses, 11 carriage houses and two taller structures built for commercial purposes. The rowhouses are the oldest, dating to the early development of the Upper East Side during the Civil War. The carriage houses came later, some built on the site of demolished early rowhouses, with the commercial buildings coming near the end of the blocks development.</p><br>
<h3>Rowhouses</h3><br>
<p>The two rowhouses are both on the south side of the street, at 171 and 175. Both are narrow three-story brick Italianate buildings built in 1860, part of an original row of six. They are trimmed with stone around the windows and doors and decorative wooden cornices. The house at 171 also retains a cast iron veranda shading the first floor.</p><br>
<h3>Carriage houses</h3><br>
<p>All the carriage houses follow a similar basic plan that persists despite later conversion into private homes and a variety of facade materials. The ground floor entrance has a large round or segmental arch, but is sometimes flat, with an accompanying pedestrian entrance. Specifically equestrian decorative touches such as symbols or cartouches were kept to a minimum. The interiors have often been extensively remodeled for their current residential use. They are two or three stories tall.</p><br>
<p>Among the carriage houses, 161 and 163 are distinguished by rock-faced brick with limestone trim. Equestrian symbols such as saddle pouches, horse heads and reins are carved into their ground floors. Their galvanized iron friezes are further decorated with embossed garlands and rosettes. The neighboring building at 165 East 73rd is a Beaux-Arts style building in yellow Roman brick with foliate carvings. The Romanesque house at 166 has a finely detailed corbelled brick cornice with its date of construction, 1883, in cast iron letters below.</p><br>
<p>Architectural eclecticism arises further down the block&#39;s south side. At 168 East 73rd the roofline is broken by the stepped gable, a hallmark of the neo-Flemish Renaissance style unusual in the city and usually not developed to the extent it is at 168 East 73rd. Next door, 170 and 172–74 show signs of the Neo-Grec style with the latter also having some Queen Anne elements. The last building in the carriage house row on the south side, 178 East 73rd, combines Beaux Arts decor with neo-Georgian brickwork.</p><br>
<h3>Commercial buildings</h3><br>
<p>The two commercial buildings, at 177–79 and 182 East 73rd, are the highest on the block at five stories. Both were originally built for paying customers who rented and were not wealthy enough to afford their own separate buildings rather, with 177–79 the only one on the block designed with automobile use in mind. It is a Beaux Arts building on an exposed limestone and granite foundation with the middle stories faced in brick with terra cotta trim. Its upper story is a mansard roof pierced by three unusually large dormer windows with terra cotta enframements. The central dormer takes the form of a triumphal arch with heavy stone blocks. Its overall level of decoration is unusually sophisticated for a utilitarian structure.</p><br>
<p>Across the street, 182 East 73rd is a brick Romanesque Revival structure with stone trim and cornices separating several of its stories. Above the fourth story "S KAYTON & CO." is inscribed on a corbelled name panel in the middle of a round-arched cornice. Many of the windows are set in arches themselves.</p><br>
<p>The Main Building of Torrance High School is located on the campus in Torrance, southwestern Los Angeles County, California. The Main Building was opened to students as Torrance School in 1917.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>On opening the "Main Building" in 1917, Torrance School accommodated both elementary and high school students in its first building. In 1923, with the opening of the new elementary school for kindergarten through sixth grade students, Torrance School was renamed Torrance High School.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The Main Building, built in 1917, was the first building on the campus, then known as the Torrance School and serving all grades. It is a two-story structure designed in the Mediterranean Revival style, and has architectural elements in the Classical Revival and Spanish Colonial Revival styles. The central two-story section is flanked by one-story wings, which all frame an outdoor courtyard patio.</p><br>
<p>The main entrance is the dominant element of the building&#39;s facade. It consists of a set of layered elements: a large pediment with a cornice, a cofferred arch, a flat window with pediment above, a large arched fanlight, and a flat doorway portal. The doorway is flanked by paired columns.</p><br>
<p>A rear addition was built in 1922, in the same style. In 1923, after the Torrance Elementary School was built on the campus, the original Torrance School Main Building was converted into a high school. The elementary school building was annexed to the high school in 1963, and was renamed the Torrance High School Annex building.</p><br>
<h2>National Register of Historic Places</h2><br>
<p>The Main Building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<p>The Main Building is one of four on the Torrance High School campus listed on the NRHP, the other buildings are:</p><br>
<p>Auditorium—Assembly Hall (1938)</p><br>
<p>Home Economics Building (1923)</p><br>
<p>Torrance High School Annex (1923−1925), originally Torrance Elementary School.</p><br>
<p>The Torrance School, also known as Torrance High School Annex and originally as Torrance Elementary School, is located on the campus of Torrance High School in Torrance, southwestern Los Angeles County, California.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1917 the Torrance School Main Building opened, housing the elementary and high school. In 1923 this Torrance Elementary School building opened on the southern side of the campus, and the original Torrance School Main Building was converted into a high school only. A new elementary school building was built off campus in 1963, and this one was annexed to the high school and renamed the Torrance High School Annex or Annex building.</p><br>
<p>The building, built over 1923 to 1925, was designed in the Renaissance Revival style. It is connected to the rest of the campus by a long curving and center−pillared Modernist arcade.</p><br>
<h2>National Register of Historic Places</h2><br>
<p>The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<p>The Torrance School Annex building is one of four on the Torrance High School campus listed on the NRHP, the other buildings are:</p><br>
<p>Auditorium—Assembly Hall (1938)</p><br>
<p>Home Economics Building (1923)</p><br>
<p>Main Building (1917)</p><br>
<p>The Auditorium, also known as the Assembly Hall, is a PWA Moderne style building located on the campus of Torrance High School in Torrance, Los Angeles County, California.</p><br>
<p>When built in 1924 the building was a source of pride for Torrance, and was its first large meeting hall, preceding construction of a civic center. It was damaged in the 1933 Long Beach earthquake and was rebuilt as a New Deal project.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<p>The Torrance High School Campus Thematic Resources study states that the auditorium is an outstanding example of PWA Moderne work.</p><br>
<p>The Auditorium is one of four buildings on the campus of the Torrance High School listed on the NRHP, the other buildings are:</p><br>
<p>Torrance School</p><br>
<p>Main Building</p><br>
<p>Home Economics Building</p><br>
<p>Singanallur Lake is a lake in Singanallur, Coimbatore, South India. It is spread over an area of 1.153 km&sup2; and has an average depth of 4.25 m. It is one of the 9 large lakes in the city.</p><br>
<h2>Hydrography</h2><br>
<p>The lake is fed by canals derived from Noyyal river. The lake also receives water from Sanganur drain and sewage water. The water can be released through two sluice gates on the lake.</p><br>
<h2>Fauna</h2><br>
<p>Eichornia crassipes is the main aquatic plant species causing eutrophication of the lake. The insect species included four orders Orthoptera, Coleoptera, Hemiptera and Odonata. Dragonfly population was also high in the lake.</p><br>
<p>The lake supports a rich bio-diversity consisting of plankton, butterflies, resident and migratory birds. Various species of butterflies including common Mormon, joker butterfly, glassy tiger and plain tiger have been spotted in the lake.</p><br>
<h2>Fishing</h2><br>
<p>Fishing is carried out by local fishermen and enthusiasts. In the 2000s, due to encroachment and the fishes were infected with metals and pathogens from polluted waste water discharged from the sewage.</p><br>
<h2>Transport</h2><br>
<p>A railway track connecting and passes over the lake.</p><br>
<h2>Environmental concerns</h2><br>
<p>In 2006, the lake was encroached by water hyacinth and contaminated due to effluents released into the lake. In 2014, Coimbatore Corporation unveiled a plan to clear the encroachments and use the lake for recreation. In January 2015, the lake was cleared and made ready for commercial tourism purposes.</p><br>
<h2>Recreation</h2><br>
<p>Singanallur boat house was opened in 2005 and was closed in 2009 due to poor maintenance. In 2014, after the Coimbatore Corporation plan to de-silt the lake, the boat house was renovated. The Government of Tamil Nadu will introduce water sports and boating on the lake. Despite the increased inflow of tourists since renovation, tourists complain of unavailability of boats.</p><br>
<p>O. Henry Hall, also or formerly known as the USA Post Office and Federal Building, is an historic courthouse and post office located at 601 Colorado Street in Austin, Texas. It is located within the Sixth Street Historic District in Downtown Austin. O. Henry Hall serves as the administrative headquarters of the Texas State University System , and until 2017 served as the University of Texas System headquarters.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Architect James G. Hill designed the building, and it was constructed partially under the supervision of architect Abner Cook. The courthouse was completed in 1879 at a cost of $200,000.</p><br>
<p>The United States District Court for the Western District of Texas met there from then until 1936. One of its most noted trials occurred in February 1898, when William Sidney Porter - the man who later became known under the pen name of O. Henry - was tried and convicted of embezzlement.</p><br>
<p>It was acquired by the University of Texas System in 1968 and renamed for the author, who had previously resided nearby in what is now officially called the William Sidney Porter House, but is better known as the O. Henry House. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on August 25, 1970. It previously served as the administrative headquarters of that system.</p><br>
<p>TSUS purchased O. Henry Hall in 2015 for $8.2 million. The UT System leased it and continued using it as its administrative headquarters prior to the 2017 completion of the UT System&#39;s current headquarters. TSUS did the move so it could have a single administrative office in Downtown; it formerly occupied three different downtown buildings operated by the state government.</p><br>
<p>The Canal de la Sarre, originally called Canal des Houillères de la Sarre, connects the Canal de la Marne au Rhin in Gondrexange to the canalised river Sarre  in Sarreguemines in northeastern France. For convenience this entry covers the entire waterway in France, including the canalised river. The canal is 63km long, and the French portion of the canalised river Sarre is 12km long, making a total of 75km, with respectively 28 and 2 locks.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The canal was built to carry coal from the mines around Saarbrücken, hence its original name. After a private company failed in 1844, the State took over the project and started works in 1861, to be completed in 1867. Although predating the Freycinet programme by nearly 20 years, it was built directly to these dimensions, justified by the volume of coal to be exported from the Saar collieries in Germany. The river Saar downstream from Saarbrücken was unnavigable until the canalisation works were completed in 1986.</p><br>
<h2>Development for tourism</h2><br>
<p>The canal is rural in character and charming throughout. Through navigation down to the Moselle near Trier, 90km beyond Saarbrücken, is possible, thanks to canalisation of the Saar in Germany. The cross-border connection was blocked for two years following closure of the first lock in Germany, at Güdingen, but was expected to be reopened in 2017.</p><br>
<p>Zion Meetinghouse and School  is a historic Baptist church about three miles south of Columbia, Kentucky. The congregation was formed in 1802 and a log meetinghouse was soon constructed. The current meetinghouse was built in 1837 out of locally made brick laid in Flemish bond on a stone foundation. After a fire, the building was reconstructed above the roofline in 1877. About 100 feet west of the meetinghouse, a two-story brick school was built in 1864, with a later frame addition at the entrance. The school was later used by the public school system.</p><br>
<p>In 1827 the Zion Baptist Church served as the "mother church" or sponsoring congregation for the nearby Columbia Baptist Church. Over time, many members of the rural Zion congregation moved to the daughter church in the town of Columbia. By 1975, the Zion church was "seldom used," with the buildings in "somewhat deteriorating condition but in an unspoiled setting."</p><br>
<p>The meetinghouse and the school were added together to the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.</p><br>
<p>St. Joseph&#39;s Catholic Church, also known as St. Joseph, Camp Springs and St. Joseph in the Hills, is an rural Roman Catholic parish in Camp Springs in Campbell County, Kentucky. The historic parish church and cemetery are located at 6833 Four Mile Road. The parochial school was located on the adjacent plot at 6829 Four Mile Road. It remains an active parish in the Roman Catholic Diocese of Covington, and its cemetery is still open for the burial of parish members.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Catholic priests had visited the area as early as 1844. Martin Spalding, Bishop of Louisville, himself came to Four Mile Creek in August 1853 and was instrumental in the founding of the parish. By 1858, there were 109 registered families, mostly German immigrants. In 1868, the parish school moved into its own stone building, though this was later replaced with a modern structure, and by 2015, the school had closed except for its preschool programs due to declining enrollment.</p><br>
<h2>Church</h2><br>
<p>The church is situated on a promontory that overlooks the valley. Completed in 1865, it is a belfried brick structure with a low gabled roof. It is notable for the rich iconography of its interior decor, including altarpieces and murals, mostly installed under the pastorship of Fr. Woestehen, parish priest from 1909 to 1926. Stained glass windows were contributed by members of the church from 1910 to 1912, and plaster and molding work were also installed in 1912. In the 1920s, the church&#39;s murals were painted by Leon Lippert, a student of noted Covington artist Frank Duveneck. The statue of Our Lady of Sorrows was donated in 1926 by Emma Ritter, and marble work in the sanctuary was completed by Bert Moriconi and painted in the 1940s.</p><br>
<p>On May 16, 1983, the church and cemetery were added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Grace Episcopal Church is a historic Episcopal parish at 216 East 6th Street in Hopkinsville, Kentucky, United States. It was built in 1883 and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982. The church is a member of the Episcopal Diocese of Kentucky.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Hopkinsville&#39;s first Episcopal parish was started around 1830 by Bishop Benjamin B. Smith and the Reverend George P. Giddinge, who was the first rector. Coincidentally, both of the men who lent their names to Hopkinsville and Christian County - respectively, Samuel Hopkins and William Christian - were both Episcopalians. After meeting in a Presbyterian church and the local court house, the members of Grace Episcopal Church constructed their first building around 1850 near the northern end of its present location. Additionally, the very first rectory still exists at the northwestern corner of Fifth and Liberty streets.</p><br>
<p>On October 10, 1875, Christian County native and president of the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War, Jefferson Davis, worshiped at Grace Church. The parish maintains a historical marker that details the nature of his membership.</p><br>
<p>Grace Episcopal Churchs current building dates to 1883, when funds were gathered for its construction. It features English Gothic Revival architecture, which was popular at the time. John C. Latham Jr., a locally renowned philanthropist from Hopkinsville, financed the majority of the cost. To return this favor, Grace Church designed two stained glass windows in the nave to honor him and his mother, Virginia Glass Latham. Lathams generosity also extended to include the purchase of an Estey Organ for the sanctuary and a $50,000 endowment following his death in 1909.</p><br>
<p>At a time when African Americans were still being oppressed in the American South, Nat Gaither opened a Christian education program to benefit black children in the 1880s. It became so popular that Grace Episcopal Church constructed another building in 1896. It was designed in the Neo-Federal style and is now occupied by the Aaron McNeill House. In the twentieth century, two additions were made to Grace Church: Gaither Hall in 1906 and All Saints Hall in 1985.</p><br>
<h2>Grace Commons</h2><br>
<p>Grace Commons is a labyrinth. It was designed with eleven circuits and modeled after the one integrated into the stone floor of Chartres Cathedral in Chartres, France circa 1201. The turns in the circuits are placed into four quadrants with a six-petal rosette in the center. Grace Commons is open to the public, not just members of Grace Episcopal Church. It is located at the corner of Seventh and Liberty Streets facing the main parish building. There are two entrances into the labyrinth, one with steps descending from a parking lot on Sixth Street and another that is wheelchair-accessible from Seventh Street.</p><br>
<p>Grace Episcopal Church gained the site now occupied by the Commons in November 2004. It was purchased by the parish with an endowment and an anonymous donation. The locally renowned Latham Hotel once stood on part of the property before a fire destroyed it in 1940. Yet, the building remained through Grace Church&#39;s purchase some sixty years later. Therefore, the parish leadership (i.e., the vestry) negotiated for about a year before deciding to raze the building in favor of creating a labyrinth to benefit the community. Grace Commons was constructed by Labyrinths in Stone from Yorkville, Illinois and was finished in October 2008. A secular ribbon-cutting ceremony was conducted by Hopkinsville civic leaders on May 26, 2009 and an ecclesial dedication was held by Bishop Ted Gulick on July 19, 2009.</p><br>
<h2>All Saints Hall</h2><br>
<p>All Saints Hall is a small convention center attached to Grace Episcopal Churchs main structure. The building efforts that led to its construction began in 1976 when the Reverend J. Roland Johnston served as rector. Even after his death, Grace parish sought to gain all of its surrounding properties in order to regenerate a dying neighborhood which compromised its existence. This was accomplished by 1984 and included the acquisition of an automobile body shop, a plumbing store, a billiards hall, and a Veterans of Foreign Wars Club. The demolition projects cost Grace Church over $200,000, which were financed by a substantial bequest and a budgetary allocation. It was designed by a local architect named Tom M. Paine. The construction of All Saints Hall was about $375,000, made possible by the Diocese of Kentucky Revolving Fund and Planters Bank and Trust Company. Additionally, about half of buildings total cost was raised in special pledges and congregational donations. A groundbreaking ceremony was held on March 4, 1984 and completed by the Rader Construction Company in 1985. Grace parish gathered for the first time in All Saints Hall for a dinner on November 14, 1984. Today, it is used for meals and other functions, to include a nursery and weekday kindergarten. The addition features hand-blown stained glass and a variety of heraldic banners adorned with apostolic symbols, which were designed by the St. Elizabeth&#39;s Guild and the Episcopal Church Women.</p><br>
<p>St. Thomas Episcopal Church is a historic Episcopal parish and church on Hill Street in Beattyville, Kentucky. The stone church building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.</p><br>
<p>Efforts to establish an Episcopal Church presence in the area began in the mid-19th century, after Benjamin B. Smith, Bishop of Kentucky, visited the area in 1840 while serving as Kentuckys Superintendent of Public Instruction. In 1845, he raised $200 from St. Pauls in Boston, and St. Pauls mission was established in Proctor, across the Kentucky River, in 1870. The mission in turn established a chapel in Beattyville in 1879. Smiths successor, Thomas Dudley, purchased land in 1887 to construct a church, but the cornerstone was not laid until 1896. Construction was thereafter led by local carpenter and stonemason Richard Nathaniel Lyons, Sr. Dudley consecrated the new church of St. Thomas, Beattyvile, on November 15, 1903.</p><br>
<p>The Buckhorn Presbyterian Church  and the Greer Gymnasium are two historic log buildings located off KY 28 in Buckhorn, Kentucky. The church and the gymnasium, completed in 1928 and 1927 respectively, are the only two surviving buildings from Witherspoon College, a Buckhorn school which served grades 1-12. Presbyterian minister Harvey Murdoch established the church and school in 1902 in response to southeastern Kentucky&#39;s lack of educational facilities and permanent churches at the time. Both institutions grew rapidly; the school had 369 students by 1914, and when the new church building was constructed, the 865-member congregation was the largest rural Presbyterian church in Kentucky. The church and gymnasium were the last two buildings constructed for the college; the older buildings have since been lost to fire or demolition.</p><br>
<p>The buildings were added to the National Register in 1975.</p><br>
<p>The Terwilliger–Smith Farm is located on Cherrytown Road near the hamlet of Kerhonkson in the Town of Rochester in Ulster County, New York, United States. It was established in the mid-19th century.</p><br>
<p>It has remained on the same lot for its entire existence. With the newest of the farm buildings dating to the early 20th century, it is a rare example of a complete historic farmstead in the county, reflecting different eras in the evolution of local agriculture. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002.</p><br>
<h2>Buildings and grounds</h2><br>
<p>The farm is located on the north side of the road roughly one mile (1.6 km) east of Samsonville Road (County Route 3). It is a 28 acre parcel on land that gently drains north to Mombaccus Creek. The open fields in the rear of the property allow views of the eastern ranges of the Catskill Mountains, matched by the view towards the Shawangunk Ridge in the other direction. The surrounding properties are primarily other small farms and residences, with their fields bounded by woodlands.</p><br>
<p>There are 13 buildings and one site on the property, most of them concentrated around the horseshoe-shaped driveway, sheltered by mature maple trees, to the front. In addition to the house, they include the smokehouse, privy, slaughter house, swine house, hoop shop, granary, chicken house, and tool shed all dating to the mid-19th century. Also on the property are early 20th century buildings including a barn, ice house, milk house, and garage.</p><br>
<h3>Main house</h3><br>
<p>The house is a two-story, five-bay timber frame structure sided in its original clapboard. It is topped with a metal clad gable roof with snow guards, pierced by brick chimneys at either end. At the roofline is a cornice with returns. All windows are double-hung six-over-six sash.</p><br>
<p>On the north (rear) there is a one-story shed-roofed extension with raised parapets. A three-bay hip roofed porch supported by four square wooden pillars shelters the main entrance. It is complemented by a one-story screened porch on the west.</p><br>
<p>The entrance, flanked by sidelights, opens into a center hall with the original wood flooring, trim, and door hardware. A balustraded staircase leads upstairs to the bedrooms. Another stair leads down to the cellar, divided into three rooms. An original cistern is located under the kitchen; the floor retains its original bluestone.</p><br>
<h3>Outbuildings</h3><br>
<p>At the opposite corner of the property, the barn serves as a counterpoint to the house. It is a four-story gambrel roofed timber frame structure built into a hillside. Part of the foundation of a predecessor barn that burned down, leaving the farm&#39;s one contributing site. The three-bay main block is built of dimensional lumber with novelty siding and a metal roof. A smaller two-story ell projects to the south. Inside is a central drive with haylofts on either side and four standing stalls for horses with haylofts above. Both lofts have an overhead track and fork; the end walls are reinforced with vertical trusses.</p><br>
<p>A lower level of the barn, built into a hillside, serves as the milking parlor. Its two rows of stanchions run the length have room for 18 cows of the building, with room for 18 cows. North-facing windows provide the light.</p><br>
<p>It is complemented by a milk house to the east of the barn, upslope from the milking parlor. It is a two-story square building with a gabled metal roof and one door facing the barn. Inside, it has a concrete floor and inground cooler.</p><br>
<p>Also in the barn&#39;s vicinity are an icehouse, chicken house and garage. The first is to the northwest, a one-and-a-half-story dimensional lumber building with novelty siding and no windows. It has a two-level metal door and ventilator atop the roof. The interior walls are sided in shiplap but lack insulation.</p><br>
<p>To its east is the chicken house, a two-story frame building on stone foundation with novelty siding and metal roof. Its north end is a large roost area with windows facing downhill; the second floor has a loft door. The garage, east the barn along the driveway, is a concrete block structure faced in imitation stonework and topped with a metal hipped roof. It has two bi-fold doors with upper glass panels facing the driveway and a pair of windows on each end.</p><br>
<p>South of the barn, across the driveway, is the granary. It is a three-story frame building with vertical siding and a metal gabled roof. The north end of the gable is open to allow access to the corn bin on the east, inside slated walls with doors hung from the top to help it dry, and other grain bins on the west. Charring from the barn fire is still present on the inside roof beams. An entrance on the west with stair provides the other access.</p><br>
<p>A two-story frame tool shed with gabled seamed metal roof is south of the granary along the road. It has novelty siding and a pair of entrance doors on strap hinges facing the road. A line of windows runs up the center of the north gable end.</p><br>
<p>Between the house and barn, the largest building is the hoop shop. It is also a two-story frame building with seamed metal gable roof, but sided in clapboard instead. A pair of strap-hinged doors on the east end provide access to a cider pressing room, with the remains of the original cider press. Open stairs along the west gable lead to the hoop shop upstairs with built-in workbench lit by three large windows. Next to it, on the east of the upper story, a large bulk storage area could also be accessed from an open loft door on the east.</p><br>
<p>Behind the hoop shop is the swine house, a one-story frame saltbox building with metal roof and board-and-batten siding. Each of the many pens inside has an upward sliding hatch door to the west and north controlled from the inside by rope and pulley. On the north is a raised bluestone terrace with stone retaining wall on the outside.</p><br>
<p>A single window and door face toward the slaughterhouse, five feet (1.6 m) to the east. It is a heavy timber frame building on a stone foundation with wide exposure clapboard siding and standing seam metal roof. Two doors on either side open into a room with the remains of a central brick hearth and flue with 3-foot (1 m) scalding pot.</p><br>
<p>The next building to the east is the smokehouse, a small square frame building on a stone foundation with clapboard siding and a wood shingle gabled roof. It has a single strap-hinged door. To its north is the two-seater outhouse, a clapboard-sided frame building beneath a metal gabled roof.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The lot lines of the farm were established in 1830 and have not varied since. The first person to intensively use the property for agricultural purposes was James Terwilliger, who bought the farm around 1850 when he was in his mid-20s. It is likely he began as a subsistence farmer and built the house and most of the other buildings.</p><br>
<p>The stand-alone slaughterhouse is the only one extant in Ulster County. The hoop shop reflects the need for subsistence farmers to engage in various trades and crafts to supplement their income. Specialized structures like the swine house and chicken house were erected later on in the century as such structures were developed to maximize yields and farms increasingly began to specialize.</p><br>
<p>It stayed in his family until Friend Smith purchased the farm in 1919. He would build the new barn, garage, milkhouse and icehouse, reflecting the transition among local farmers from a wide mix of produce to almost exclusively dairy farming, with the railroads allowing them access to the New York City market. The farm has passed through other owners since then, but there have been almost no significant changes to the buildings save for shingle siding on the main house at the time it was listed on the National Register. It has since been removed, restoring the house&#39;s historic appearance.</p><br>
<p>Maverick Concerts is the oldest continuous summer chamber music festival in America. The festival was founded in 1916 by Hervey White, and Alexander Platt is the current music director. The mainstay of the series, which runs from the end of June through early September, is to be found in the chamber music concerts performed by distinguished soloists and ensembles on Saturday evenings and Sunday afternoons. Jazz and world music have been given more prominence in recent seasons, and Maverick&#39;s Saturday morning Young People’s Concerts are popular with families.</p><br>
<h2>The Maverick Concert Hall</h2><br>
<p>The festival is held in an historic concert hall in Hurley, New York, on the outskirts of Woodstock, in Ulster County. The barn-like, rectangular building with its gambrel roof was built in 1916 with a roof of asphalt and wood shingles and a frame of heavy timber, to which the walls—sheaths of wide planks—are nailed directly. The hall was constructed without the services of an architect and with volunteer labor, as part of the arts community known as the Maverick Colony. The wooden construction and luminous create an environment perfectly suited to the intimacy of live chamber music, and the Maverick has been listed as a multi-starred attraction on the National Register of Historic Places since 1999. The festival is a winner of the, accorded jointly by and the American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers (ASCAP).</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>“Maverick” is the name given to the collaborative colony for artists that Mr. White, a “freethinker, socialist, writer, and printer with a genius for friendship,” established on the outskirts of Woodstock, on 102 acres he had bought in 1905. Mr. White’s intention was to offer “young talent a chance to earn its living until its recognition.”</p><br>
<p>From its very beginning, the young arts festival attracted eminent musicians to its rustic comforts. Violinist, concertmaster at the time of the Metropolitan Opera, was the first director of music programming, discharging these duties annually until 1937. According to Leon Barzin, founder of the, original music director of the New York City Ballet, and an early and long-term participant and supporter of the Maverick concerts, the regular season for orchestral musicians at the time was only 32 weeks. Gently encouraged by Mr. White, first-chair symphonists and established soloists began spending their summers in Woodstock, and they, in turn, prompted other musicians to join them. And so the resident colony grew. Mr. Barzin has observed that, in the early part of the 20th century, the field of classical music was quite Eurocentric, and the Maverick festival offered an unusual opportunity for American musicians.</p><br>
<p>The Maverick festival’s opening concert was on July 23, 1916, and was the subject of an substantial in The New York Times, under the headline “Music Goes Back to Nature.” The program consisted of Haydns String Quartet Op. 77, No. 1, Max Bruchs Kol Nidrei for cello and piano, and Robert Schumann&#39;s piano quintet.</p><br>
<h2>Support</h2><br>
<p>The charge for admission to the first concert was 25 cents, and the Maverick continues to present concerts that are affordable to the community as a 501(c)(3) not-for-profit organization. The festival is supported by ticket sales, as well as by awards from the National Endowment for the Arts; the National Park Service; the New York State Council on the Arts; the Maverick Endowment Fund; the towns of Woodstock and Hurley; local businesses; and other public and private foundations. Support also comes from the tax-deductible contributions of individual donors, who are honored each year with a special concert for the. A special area, “Rock Bottom,” is set aside for listeners who pay what they can afford.</p><br>
<h2>The Maverick Horse</h2><br>
<p>Mr. White visited his sister in Colorado in the 1890s. During his stay there, the legend of a wild horse known locally as the Maverick caught his fancy, and in 1911 he published his heroic narrative, an epic ode to personal artistic freedom and the spirit of the individual.</p><br>
<p>In the summer of 1924, Mr. White commissioned John Flannagan, a gifted but penniless sculptor, to create a symbol for the colony. Flannagan, one of the first direct carvers to work in the United States, was paid the prevailing wage of fifty cents an hour. Using an ax as his only major tool, in a few days he had carved a monumental piece from the trunk of a chestnut tree. The statue depicts the horse emerging from the outstretched hands of a man, who appears in turn to be emerging from the earth. The iconic 18-foot sculpture stood, for 36 years, at the entrance of the road to the concert hall and the now-vanished theater. After the horse began to weather alarmingly, it was moved to a nearby studio until 1979, when it was moved to the stage of the Maverick Concert Hall. It stands there still.</p><br>
<h2>John Cage and 4’33" at the Maverick</h2><br>
<p>On August 29, 1952, the young pianist and composer David Tudor premiered at the Maverick a well-known and controversial work by the American exponent of experimental music John Cage, one of the leading post-war avant-garde composers. Arguably Cage&#39;s most famous piece, 4′33″ (which was originally scored for piano) has commonly been referred to as “four minutes and thirty-three seconds of silence.” Cage demonstrated, however, that the absence of notes was not the same thing as silence. The composer’s stated intention was for the audience to listen to the “accidental” sounds around them: the birdsong, the wind in the trees, the rain on the roof, the sounds of the audience members themselves.</p><br>
<h2>Musicians and Performances</h2><br>
<p>The Maverick program schedule includes eminent musicians from the United States and around the world, many of whom return year after year. The string quartets that have performed at the Maverick include the American, Amernet, Borromeo, Calder, Daedalus, Ebène, ETHEL, Fitzwilliam, Leipzig, Miró, Parker, Rossetti, Shanghai, St. Lawrence, St. Petersburg, Tokyo, Ying, and many others.</p><br>
<p>Pianists Ruth Laredo, Ilse Sass, Frederic Chiu, Simone Dinnerstein, Joel Fan, Babette Hierholzer, Pedja Muzijevic, Jon Nakamatsu, Ursula Oppens, Navah Perlman, Andrew Russo, Mei-Ting Sun, James Tocco, and Natalie Zhu have all given concerts at Maverick. Other distinguished ensembles and soloists who have performed at Maverick include Imani Winds; Trio Con Brio; Trio Solisti; the contemporary music ensembles Antares and eighth blackbird; guitarists Frederic Hand and Jason Vieaux; cellists engelbert roentgen, leo rostal, Zuill Bailey; violinists william (Fritz) Kroll, Ernest Drucker, Tim Fain, Charles Libove, and Lara St. John; violists lEON bARZIN, Harry Zaratzian and Samuel Quintal; and sopranos Julia Bentley, Maria Jette, and Nancy Allen Lundy.</p><br>
<p>Maverick is dedicated to the belief that chamber music encompasses more than just the classical western European canon. Other musicians to have performed at the hall include the String Trio of New York; bansuri flutist Steve Gorn; tabla players Ray Spiegel, Pandit Samir Chatterjee, and Pandit Ramesh Misra; and mandolin virtuoso Snehasish Mozumder. The jazz greats that have performed in recent years at Maverick include Perry Beekman, Karl Berger, Don Byron, Uri Caine, Bill Charlap, Marilyn Crispell, Fred Hersch, Dave Holland, Renee Rosnes, and Roswell Rudd.</p><br>
<p>The last few Maverick seasons have seen several important premieres, some of them arrangements of staples of the orchestral repertoire by Maverick’s music director Alexander Platt. These have included by David Del Tredici, Daron Hagen’s concerto for piano left-hand and orchestra, and an arrangement of Gustav Mahler’s fourth symphony.</p><br>
<p>Many of the musicians who come to perform at the Maverick also give special Young People’s Concerts, popular events on Saturday mornings at 11:00. Indie rocker Elizabeth Mitchell, singer-songwriter Mark Rust, and percussionists Garry Kvistad and Bill Cahn have also given children’s concerts.</p><br>
<p>The Dassam Falls   is a waterfall located near Taimara village in Bundu police station of Ranchi district in the Indian state of Jharkhand.</p><br>
<h2>Etymology</h2><br>
<p>Dassam is a changed form of word Da:song which means in mundari language the act of pouring water. Da: means water and song means pouring or measuring. The water fall resembles like somebody is pouring water so the name was Da:song earlier but afterwards the name was changed to Dassam.</p><br>
<h2>The falls</h2><br>
<p>The Dassam Falls is a natural cascade across the Kanchi River, a tributary of the Subarnarekha River. The water falls from a height of 44 m. The sound of water echoes all around the place. Dassam Falls at one of the edges of the Ranchi plateau is one of the many scarp falls in the region.</p><br>
<p>The Dassam Falls is an example of a nick point caused by rejuvenation. Knick point, also called a nick point or simply nick, represents breaks in slopes in the longitudinal profile of a river caused by rejuvenation. The break in channel gradient allows water to fall vertically giving rise to a waterfall.</p><br>
<p>The water of the Dassam Falls is very clean and clear. It is natural for a tourist to be enticed to enter the water for a bath or swim but tourists are warned not to do so because of the current that is generated. There have been many cases of drowning in Dassam Falls. Nine people died of drowning between 2001 and 2006.</p><br>
<h2>Transport</h2><br>
<p>The Dassam Falls is 40 km from Ranchi on NH 33 or Ranchi-Jamshedpur highway.</p><br>
<p>The abandoned O & W Railroad Station at Port Ben is located on Tow Path Road in the Town of Wawarsing, New York, United States. It is a Tudor Revival style building erected in the early 20th century by the New York, Ontario and Western Railway .</p><br>
<p>Trains last operated in 1957 when the O&W was abandoned; the station ceased being used at that time. Despite its age and neglect, the Port Ben station remains intact and is well preserved. In 2000, the station and abandoned right-of-way were listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Building</h2><br>
<p>The station is in the small community of Port Ben, located a short distance east of the US 209 highway north of Napanoch on the east bank of Rondout Creek at the foot of the Shawangunk Ridge. It is on the northeast edge of Port Ben, a small community of small frame houses and modular and mobile homes. To the immediate east of the station is the empty bed of the Delaware and Hudson Canal, a National Historic Landmark.</p><br>
<p>Towpath Road on the west of the station, which served that purpose during the canal&#39;s years of operation in the 19th century, was later used by the O&W. The 4,700 ft of right-of-way remaining next to the station is still visible, and is included in the Register listing as a contributing resource, bringing the total area of the listing to 13.5 acre.</p><br>
<p>The building itself is a single story, two-by-six-bay, wood frame building on a brick foundation with a low pitched gable roof shingled in slate. It is pierced by a brick chimney at the north end. Brackets support its wide overhanging eaves.</p><br>
<p>It is faced in half-timbered beige stucco on a metal lath. Some of the exterior has been defaced with spraypainted graffiti. Fenestration is irregular, determined by the buildings use as a rail station. On the south side is an off-center projecting trainmasters window and separate passenger and freight doors. The north has square windows in pairs and singled and a freight entrance near the west end. That end has two square windows, one currently boarded up, matched by a passenger entrance and window at the east.</p><br>
<p>Inside the space is divided into a passenger waiting area, ticket office and freight office. Many of the original finishings remain, including the lath and plaster walls, the varnished wainscoting and door and window surrounds. The electrical switches are still in place, and some coal remains in the bin.</p><br>
<p>Cumberland Homesteads is a community located in Cumberland County, Tennessee, United States. Established by the New Deal-era Division of Subsistence Homesteads in 1934, the community was envisioned by federal planners as a model of cooperative living for the regions distressed farmers, coal miners, and factory workers. While the cooperative experiment failed and the federal government withdrew from the project in the 1940s, the Homesteads community nevertheless survived. In 1988, several hundred of the communitys original houses and other buildings, which are characterized by the native "crab orchard" sandstone used in their construction, were added to the National Register of Historic Places as a historic district.</p><br>
<p>By the early 1930s, decades of poor farming practices had rendered many of the small farms in East Tennessee untenable, and the Great Depression had left thousands of coal miners and other industrial workers unemployed. In January 1934, the Division of Subsistence Homesteads chose Cumberland County as a site for one of its "stranded" agricultural communities, in which families were resettled on small farms and would work in community-owned businesses. Most of the cooperative ventures failed, however, and after World War II the government divested itself of the project. The community&#39;s general layout still appears much as it did in the late 1930s.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Cumberland Homesteads is located in a hilly area atop the Cumberland Plateau, just south of Crossville. Byrd Creek, a tributary of the Obed River, flows through and drains much of the community. Cumberland Mountain State Park, which was developed simultaneously in the 1930s as a recreational area, is located in Cumberland Homesteads.</p><br>
<p>USA Route 127 connects the Homestead area with Crossville and I-40 to the north and the Sequatchie Valley to the south. State Highway 68 (Grassy Cove Road) connects the area to Grassy Cove and Spring City to the east. The Cumberland Homesteads Historic District, which covers over 10,000 acre, includes properties on Chestnut Lane, Coon Hollow Lane, County Seat Road, Crab Apple Lane, Crab Orchard Road, Deep Draw Road, Grassy Cove Road (TN-68), Highland Lane, Huckleberry Road, Old Mail Road, Open Range Road, Pigeon Ridge Road (TN-419), Saw Mill Road, Turkey Oak Road, and Valley Road, as well as over a dozen structures in Cumberland Mountain State Park.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The passage of the National Industrial Recovery Act in 1933 created the Division of Subsistence Homesteads and gave the Roosevelt Administration $25,000,000 to purchase land for the creation of small farming communities for the nation&#39;s displaced workers. The Division focused on three types of settlements&mdash; communities of part-time farmers near wage-earning employment, communities of farmers resettled from unproductive land, and communities of "stranded" industrial workers, namely miners and loggers. The latter type, which eventually included Cumberland Homesteads, drew the most criticism, as many believed such communities would never be self-supporting.</p><br>
<p>Cumberland County farm agent Robert Lyons led a local committee that drew up a proposal for a homestead community, which it submitted to the Division of Subsistence Hometeads in December 1933. Lyons had likely been influenced by earlier Plateau-area "back to the land" experiments, such as the Clifty Consolidated Coal Company&#39;s 1917 program that helped Fentress County miners purchase small farms, as well as relief efforts provided by local Quakers. Due in part to the influence of Tennessee Valley Authority chairman and cooperative living proponent Arthur Morgan, the Division of Subsistence Homesteads accepted the Cumberland County proposal in January 1934. Over 20,000 acre of land south of Crossville were purchased from the Missouri Land Company, and Cumberland Homesteads, Inc., was created to administer the project.</p><br>
<p>The Civil Works Administration immediately hired several hundred locals to prepare the newly acquired land, providing wages that effectively ended the Great Depression in Cumberland County. Of the initial 233 families selected for the Cumberland Homesteads project, 30% were distressed farmers, 30% were unemployed miners, 30% were unemployed textile workers, and 10% were struggling professionals (including teachers, nurses, and a doctor). Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) architect William Macy Stanton, who designed a number of buildings in TVA&#39;s planned city of Norris, drew up basic designs for houses and other buildings at the Homesteads.</p><br>
<p>A community-owned store (the "Trading Post") and cannery were established in 1934, but both struggled with inexperienced management. Wage-paying industries never relocated to the Homesteads as the government had hoped, and attempts by homesteaders to establish a coal mine and sorghum mill failed. Throughout the 1930s, the Homesteads project was overseen by a succession of agencies with differing philosophies, leaving the project without a clear purpose. By 1945, the federal government had extricated itself from the Homesteads project after allowing the remaining homesteaders to purchase their farms. Although the original purpose of the Homesteads project failed, the community survived, and over half the farms remained in the hands of original homesteaders through the 1950s.</p><br>
<h2>Building designs</h2><br>
<p>Buildings at Cumberland Homesteads were constructed using primarily a locally-quarried sandstone known as "crab orchard" stone, which is known for its durability and reddish hue in late afternoon sunlight. The most notable building in Cumberland Homesteads is the Homesteads Tower, a cross-shaped building centered around an eight-story octagonal water tower. This building originally housed the Homesteads offices, and is now home to the Homesteads Tower Museum. The elementary school and high school, located behind the Homesteads Tower, consist of unique pod-style designs, with detached classrooms and workshops connected by covered walkways. Both school complexes are now part of Homestead Elementary School. The cannery and hosiery mill have both been modified to the extent that they are not considered contributing properties to the historic district, although their respective water towers are considered contributing structures.</p><br>
<p>Most of the original 251 houses are still standing. Fifteen distinct housing designs have been identified, with eleven of the designs found multiple times, as they followed basic patterns provided by William Macy Stanton. Stanton&#39;s designs include rectangular houses, L-shaped houses, and T-shaped houses, most of which are 1.5 stories with gable roofs and one or two chimneys. Most houses originally had covered-porch entrances and batten doors. Typical interiors consisted of pine paneling with built-in bookcases. Attics contained water storage tanks, and most houses were wired in anticipation of TVA providing electrical power. Most farmsteads included a barn (with either gable or gambrel-roof design), a smokehouse, a chicken house, and toolsheds.</p><br>
<p>The Cumberland Homesteads Historic District includes several structures at Cumberland Mountain State Park, including Byrd Creek Dam, Millhouse Lodge (originally a gristmill designed by Quakers), several rustic cabins, and a stone water tower. Byrd Creek Dam is the largest masonry structure ever built by the Civilian Conservation Corps. Two stone arch bridges, one along Deep Draw Road and one along Old Mail Road, are listed as contributing structures within the district.</p><br>
<p>Responsible body: Private</p><br>
<p>The Boyd Mounds Site (22MD512) is an archaeological site from the Late Woodland and Early Mississippian period located in Madison County, Mississippi near Ridgeland. Many of the mounds were excavated by The National Park Service in 1964. It is located at mile 106.9 on the old Natchez Trace, now the Natchez Trace Parkway. It was added to the NRHP on July 14, 1989 as NRIS number 89000784.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The site consists of six burial mounds dating to the Late Woodland and Early Mississippian period. Of the six mounds at the site, Mound 2 is situated next to a parking area off the Natchez Trace Parkway and is accessible to visitors. Mound 2 is 110 ft by 60 ft and 4 ft in height. Excavations done by the National Park Service in the early 1960s showed that the mound was initially two mounds that were constructed side by side but were later joined together whan a new layer of earth was added to create a single oblong mound. Excavators also found the remains of forty one individuals, and an array of artifacts such as pottery in the mound.</p><br>
<p>The Original Wasco County Courthouse is a historic former courthouse, located in The Dalles, Oregon, United States. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places under the name First Wasco County Courthouse, and is also listed as a contributing resource in the National Register-listed Trevitt&#39;s Addition Historic District.</p><br>
<p>One of only two remaining courthouses from prior to Oregon statehood, this building served Wasco County from 1859 until 1882, and then as The Dalles city hall until 1907. From its original location in downtown The Dalles, it has been moved several times before its current location within Trevitt&#39;s Addition Historic District.</p><br>
<p>As of 2010, it was managed as a museum by the Wasco County Historical Society.</p><br>
<p>Catawba Falls is a series of waterfalls on the headwaters of the Catawba River, in McDowell County, near Old Fort, North Carolina.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The Catawba River flows over 2 major waterfalls in a short distance. The first drop, called Upper Catawba Falls, consists of an upper free-fall drop, while the second drop a short distance downstream, often called just Catawba Falls, is a higher series of free-falls and cascades.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Catawba Falls is part of the Pisgah National Forest. For many years, while the falls were located on public land, visitor access to the falls was heavily restricted. The only access points to the falls were a trail that went through private property, and an access point off of Interstate 40. Use of either access point was illegal.</p><br>
<p>In 2005 and 2007, the US Forest Service purchased 88 acre of land at the end of Catawba River Road for a trailhead. In 2010, access to the falls was officially opened to the public. In 2012, a new parking area was built by the Forest Service. The Forest Service plans further improvements, including a foot bridge over a tricky crossing of the river along the trail and a new trail to the upper falls, bypassing a section considered steep and dangerous.</p><br>
<p>Responsible body: State</p><br>
<p>Old Town is an archaeological site in Williamson County, Tennessee near Franklin. The site includes the remnants of a Native American village and mound complex of the Mississippian culture, and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) as Old Town Archaeological Site (40WM2).</p><br>
<h2>Background</h2><br>
<p>Since the early days of settlement in Middle Tennessee, the "Old Town on the Big Harpeth River" has been a critical component of a common understanding of the areas prehistory. The earliest archaeological investigations of the site were in 1868 by physician Joseph Jones, who was then Nashvilles municipal health officer; his efforts were largely frustrated because much of the sites most significant mound was occupied by the owners wife&#39;s flower garden, but he was able to find a frog effigy from part of the mound outside the garden. W.M. Clark mentioned the location in an 1878 publication, but no more substantial excavations were conducted until 1928: while building a bridge over Brown Creek at its confluence with the river, Williamson County road crews accidentally dug into a large burial ground, and a local man worked hard to record as much information about the site as possible. Since the late twentieth century, no substantial excavations have been conducted, but the owners have permitted the recovery of artifacts from small portions of the site when construction has demanded work on the periphery; among this work has been a project to place a water pipeline in 1984 and the 1991 renovation of the Thomas Brown House on the property.</p><br>
<h2>Site description</h2><br>
<p>The Mississippian culture village and mound complex is located at the confluence of the Harpeth River and Dolorson Creek on the Harpeth River branch of the Natchez Trace. Archaeological investigations of the 12 acre site have uncovered artifacts dating from approximately 900 to 1450. In his book Aboriginal Remains of Tennessee, published by the Smithsonian Institution in 1876, Joseph Jones produced a detailed account of the site. a plaza and associated village areas. Jones described the mound grouping as including two platform mounds and two burial mounds. Mississippian mound complexes such as the Old Town complex are thought to have been regional centers for civic and ceremonial activity, as well as serving as the permanent residences of ruling elites. The mounds are located within the embankments. The largest of the rectangular platform mounds, Mound A, was 112 ft on its longer side by 65 ft on the shorter side and 11 ft in height. The second, Mound B, was 70 ft by 65 ft at its base and 9 ft in height. Located across a plaza area was a 30 ft by 20 ft in diameter 2.5 ft high burial mound. The remaining burial mound is the location of the Thomas Brown House.</p><br>
<p>In 1984 and 1991, the Tennessee Division of Archaeology conducted brief salvage excavations at the Old Town site in anticipation of construction and renovation projects. The artifacts collected allowed researchers to place Old Town&#39;s primary period of habitation at between 1250 and 1450. Radiocarbon dating of charcoal uncovered from a prehistoric trash pit returned a date of 1214.</p><br>
<h3>Stone box graves</h3><br>
<p>Burials at the site were of a type known as stone box graves. Jones opened up at least 50 examples during his investigations. In this type of burial, which was commonly used by Mississippian people in the central basin of Middle Tennessee, the dead were interred in shallow rectangular excavations lined with large thin slabs of limestone. A "nearly form-fitting" pit was dug to hold the persons remains, the bottom and sides were lined with appropriately sized rock slabs, the persons remains were laid inside, and the resulting box was covered with another stone slab. Most of these individual graves were located along the banks of the river and creek.</p><br>
<h2>NRHP sites at location</h2><br>
<p>A larger, 41 acre, area was listed as the "Old Town Archaeological Site" on the National Register in 1989 as part of the Mississippian Cultural Resources of the Central Basin (900 to 1450) Multiple Property Submission.</p><br>
<p>"Old Town" also is a name given to the Thomas Brown House, built nearby to the mound complex site in the 1840s or 1850s, "Old Town" is also reflected in the name of the nearby Old Town Bridge that carried the Harpeth River branch of the Natchez Trace over Brown&#39;s Creek.</p><br>
<p>The Old Town Bridge in Franklin, Tennessee was a "frame bridge across Brown Creek near its junction with the Big Harpeth River." It was built by USA soldiers in 1801. It carried the Harpeth River branch of the Natchez Trace over Brown&#39;s Creek. The bridge was rebuilt several times subsequently, but was dismantled some time before 1988. Only the limestone abutments remained when the site was surveyed in 1988.</p><br>
<p>The bridge is "one of the oldest remaining man-made bridges in Tennessee". A photograph of the bridge is available which shows the "structure consisted of massive masonry abutments with a short pole bridge suspended between them. Pole bridges were probably the most common type of bridge erected in frontier days and are still used today for simple county bridges. These bridges consist merely of poles (trees or logs) extending from one abutment to another with a deck of saplings or planks laid across these poles. Obviously these could be quite primitive with the ground or a natural feature such as a rock shelf serving as the abutments, but they could only be used for short spans. Some pole bridges used log cribs filled with rock and dirt as abutments."</p><br>
<p>This is considered to be the only site on the Natchez Trace in Williamson County, Tennessee, that retains historic integrity.</p><br>
<p>It is located about 300 yards from Thomas Brown House, which is also NRHP-listed, and near a plaque to Old Town, an Indian village and mounds site.</p><br>
<p>The Logan Tabernacle is a tabernacle of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints  and is located in Logan, Cache County, Utah. It is the site of many local celebrations, including the city&#39;s annual Summerfest Arts Faire.</p><br>
<h2>Construction</h2><br>
<p>The foundation of the tabernacle was begun in 1864. The building took twenty-seven years to complete. During that time, work was delayed twice. In 1873, the building work resumed and the size was enlarged from 60/106 to 65/130. The second delay came in 1877 after workers had completed the exterior walls. Workers moved from the tabernacle to finish the nearby Logan Temple. Work soon resumed with the main assembly hall being finished in 1881; the completed building was dedicated in 1891 by LDS Church President Wilford Woodruff.</p><br>
<p>The building&#39;s architectural style is characterized as classically eclectic with elements of Greek, Roman, Gothic and Byzantine styles. The edifice was built entirely from local materials. The exterior walls are of local quartzite quarried in Green Canyon eight miles to the northeast. White limestone was employed for the corners and trimmings and was quarried near Franklin, Idaho some twenty miles to the north.</p><br>
<h2>Modifications</h2><br>
<p>Several major modifications were made not long after the building was completed. Originally, there were three outside stairways leading to the main floor. They were removed and new stairways were rebuilt inside of an entrance enclosure in the late 1880s. The stained glass windows in the west facade were installed sometime before 1910. In the early 1950s the building was heavily renovated with the original pews being replaced and pine floor was covered with asphalt tiles. The interior of the assembly hall was completely redecorated. The original hand-stenciled ceiling painting was covered over with acoustical tile, the organ casework of dark-stained quarter-sawn oak was painted over with "blond" finish and all other furnishings were changed in accordance with the style of the day.</p><br>
<p>A four-year-long restoration project, completed in 1989 sought to reverse many of these changes and return elements of the original pioneer design to the decor. The interior paint scheme was changed to reflect what was discovered under many layers of paint laid on over the years. The acoustical tile was removed from the ceiling and the simple, elegant stenciling was restored. The original ceiling designs and scroll work were painted on oil cloth and attached directly to the plaster ceiling; the restored painting was directly on the ceiling itself. The pine pillars supporting the balcony in the assembly hall were painted by a Utah artist to resemble marble- a technique known to Utah pioneer artisans at the time the tabernacle was originally constructed.</p><br>
<h2>Organ</h2><br>
<p>The Great Organ of the Logan Tabernacle was built by Henry Pilchers Sons of Louisville, Kentucky. It was shipped to Cache Valley in 1908 and was completed as the firms Opus 620 and dedicated in a recital on August 5, 1908. The organ was installed and voiced in the tabernacle by James Day of the Pilcher company and the local newspaper reported that visitors often stopped in to observe the work. The organ&#39;s action was originally tubular-pneumatic, a type of pipe organ action that necessitated small lead tubes from each key at the console to the pipe chambers. In 1952-53, the organ was rebuilt by the LDS Church Organ Maintenance Department under the direction of Wayne Carroll. The action was electrified, a new console installed and several ranks of original pipework were replaced and/or revoiced. In 1987 and 2009, H. Ronald Poll & Associates of Salt Lake City rebuilt and modernized the organ. The instrument currently comprises 44 pipe ranks and some 2,850 individual pipes controlled by a three manual and pedal console.</p><br>
<p>The John Gordon House is a historic brick home located along the Old Natchez Trace near Williamsport, Tennessee, within the boundaries of the Natchez Trace Parkway, a National Park Service unit.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The house was built in 1818. It is one of only two remaining structures from the early history of the Natchez Trace located along the Natchez Trace Parkway. It was built by John Gordon and his wife Dolly, the main house of a plantation that included 1500 acres, a ferry over the Duck River and a trading post. The land was originally located in Chickasaw territory when Gordon acquired it.</p><br>
<p>The National Park Service acquired the Gordon House and surrounding property in 1973. In 1974, the home was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The exterior of the house has been restored to its 1818 appearance.</p><br>
<p>The Astoria Center of Israel  is a historic synagogue in the Astoria, Queens neighborhood of New York City, listed on the New York State Register of Historic Places and the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Design</h2><br>
<p>The Astoria Center was designed by architect Louis Allen Abramson as one of the earliest synagogues in Queens. The building features a brick façade, two stories tall, and five bays wide. The trim is cast stone, and features double-height Ionic piers flanking round-arched windows. The piers support an entablature and are topped by a balustrade. Its round-arched entrance is topped with a cartouche, within which is inscribed a Star of David.</p><br>
<p>Among the synagogue&#39;s features is a set of murals by French artist Louis Pierre Rigal, added a few years after the building was completed.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The roots of the Astoria Center of Israel can be traced back to Jewish congregation Mishkan Israel, begun sometime in the 1880s, constructing a building in 1906. In 1921 that congregation built a Talmud-Torach center next to its first building, where education could "implant in our children a love and reverence for our noble tradition." That education building later became the home of the Astoria Center of Israel, with the original Mishkan Israel building later destroyed in a fire.</p><br>
<p>In 1926, efforts were begun to enlarge the building that housed the new Astoria Center of Israel, and by 1929 ACI "had become a fully operational Center of Jewish life in Queens." It was added to the National and State Registers of Historic Places in 2009.</p><br>
<h2>Rabbis</h2><br>
<p>In 1926, Rabbi Joshua L. Goldberg became the center&#39;s first rabbi. He had been drafted into the Russian Army during World War I, fled to the United States to enlist and serve with American forces in Europe, then returned to New York to attend rabbinical school and become a rabbi. With the outbreak of World War II, Goldberg returned to the USA military, this time as a chaplain, as the first rabbi to serve with the USA Navy in World War II. In 1951, he was named rabbi emeritus of ACI.</p><br>
<p>The Free Synagogue of Flushing is a historic synagogue located at 41-60 Kissena Boulevard in the Flushing section of the borough of Queens in New York City. It was added to the National Register of Historical Places in 2009. Its establishment is based on the free synagogue movement, started by Stephen Samuel Wise.</p><br>
<h2>Early history</h2><br>
<p>The Free Synagogue of Flushing was founded in 1917 Sanford Avenue by the Hebrew Women&#39;s Aid Society, in keeping with the philosophy of the first Free Synagogue, the Stephen Wise Free Synagogue in Manhattan. In the New York Tribune in 1906, an interview with Rabbi Wise explained his plans and meaning of "free synagogue": "The Free Synagogue will, as its name implies, be free in so far as its pulpit will be free and untrammeled, free to voice without free or scruple the high moral and spiritual teachings of the synagogue. It will thus do much to regain the moral support, which church and synagogue alike, alas! are losing or have lost." These principles include freedom of the pulpit, freedom in religious philosophy, freedom in terms of seating, and men and women are equal in participation and leadership. For much of its history, the synagogue has been a bastion of liberal thought and social activism. It is the oldest Reform congregation in Queens.</p><br>
<p>When the synagogue was established with the aid of Rabbi Sidney Goldstein of the Stephen Wise Free Synagogue, it purchased the white house at the then quiet intersection of Kissena Boulevard and Sanford Avenue. The first synagogue was a stately pillared mansion designed by the noted architectural firm of McKim, Mead & White, which stood on the corner of the lot. Some years later, the synagogue membership had grown so large it was decided a new sanctuary had to be built. During World War I, the Hebrew Women’s Aid Society commissioned the architect Maurice Courland to build a synagogue on Kissena Boulevard.</p><br>
<p>During its early years, the synagogue was served by three rabbis for relatively short periods of time. They included Rabbi Bernard Cantor, who left on a mission for the Joint Distribution Committee to help oppressed Jews in Eastern Europe. While doing his humanitarian work, Cantor was murdered by bandits in southern Russia. The anniversary of his death is still observed.</p><br>
<p>Cantor was succeeded by Rabbi Abraham Feldman, who later went to Hartford, Connecticut, and he in turn was followed by Rabbi Maxwell Silver, a brother of Rabbi Abba Hillel Silver, the famed Zionist and counselor to a number of American presidents. When Silver left in 1922, the temple turned to Wise for help, and he selected Rabbi Max Meyer to serve on a "temporary basis", which lasted 40 years. Meyer was the prime mover in the growth and development of the Free Synagogue of Flushing. He also served as chairman of the North Shore branch of the Long Island division of the American Jewish Congress.</p><br>
<p>Rabbi Charles Agin came to Flushing in 1958 to assist Meyer, and quickly gained the affection and confidence of the congregation. A year later, Rabbi Agin received an officer&#39;s commission and was inducted into the Armed Forces. When he returned, Rabbi Agin was named assistant rabbi and principal of the religious school, and at the retirement of Meyer, he was named to succeed him and was granted life tenure. During his 50 years of service, Rabbi Agin presided over expansion of the temple, including a new administration building, the Rabbi Max Meyer Religious School which supports children 6 through 16 with an after school Hebrew education and other facilities.</p><br>
<h2>Events since 2000</h2><br>
<p>Michael Weisser joined as rabbi in September 2008, when the synagogue had around 100 members, down from several hundred decades earlier. A graduate of Hebrew Union College&#39;s cantorial program in the 1970s, he was ordained in 2001. He has participated in the planning and execution of the Queens Unity Walk, which brings together people of various faiths for a day of learning. He is currently involved in the creation of an interfaith council that will serve the ethnically and religiously diverse borough of Queens. Recently, he was among those chosen to deliver an invocation at New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg’s Interfaith Breakfast.</p><br>
<p>When Weisser was a cantor in Lincoln, Nebraska, Larry Trapp, the Grand Dragon of the White Knights of the Ku Klux Klan threatened him and his family. The rabbi’s response was to reach out to the one behind the threats. He ultimately befriended Mr. Trapp and was instrumental in changing him from a lifelong racist to a renouncer of hatred who spoke out publicly against bigotry. Three months before his death from diabetes-related kidney disease in 1992, Trapp converted to Judaism under Rabbi Weisser’s guidance, in the very same synagogue he once plotted to blow up. The book Not by the Sword: How a Cantor and His Family Transformed a Klansman by Kathryn Watterson was written about these events. Composer Michael Ching wrote an opera called Slaying the Dragon (2012) based on the events described in Watterson&#39;s book. Rabbi Weisser retired in June, 2016 and returned to Nebraska.</p><br>
<p>Nationally known Steven Pearlston, a professional opera singer and director, was the synagogue&#39;s cantor and music director for 35 years until his resignation in July 2014. He possessed a broad knowledge of the full range of the Jewish liturgical, classical and secular musical repertoires, as well as Jewish history and philosophy. He was the cantor of the only synagogue in Queens which had a professional choir at all services. The choir performed behind an ornate grate above the pink marbled Ark. During the first 47 years, the synagogue did not have a cantor with the rabbi conducting services and the congregation singing the responses. In 1923, it obtained an organ which ranks in quality with some of the finest organs in Europe.</p><br>
<p>The Free Synagogue of Flushing has a youth and adult education program. It provides space to various political, community organizations, and fledgling church groups. Throughout its history, the synagogue has remained active in social action causes. Every year, it commemorates Martin Luther King, Jr.&#39;s birthday in its sanctuary and hosts interfaith events.</p><br>
<p>In 2014 the Windsor School abruptly left their rental of the north portion of the building, causing a financial crisis. Throughout that year, the synagogue ran on an emergency basis while they tried to find a new renter. In early 2015 the members voted for a drastic change in the composition of the board, while the money crisis was addressed by selling the portion of the building previously occupied by Windsor. In 2016 Rabbi Weisser retired, so the synagogue ran on an even tighter budget while the sale was being approved by the city and state of New York. In the fall of 2017 the sale was approved and the board hired Rabbi Yosef Sylberberg, a graduate of Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion, with a history of leading congregations all over the nation. With finances restored and a growing congregation the synagogue prepared to celebrate its 100th anniversary.</p><br>
<h2>Current building</h2><br>
<p>The windows depict Noah&#39;s Ark, the lions of Judah, great swirls of leaves and vines and delicate flowers used in the Sukkot prayer, and the two hands of the Priestly Blessing. In the center of the domed ceiling that covers the entire sanctuary is a smaller stained-glass dome designed around a Star of David and intricate, gold-leaf filigree, hand-turned and carved, graces the wood that is a dark green color. It is a synagogue-in-the-round which provides a sense of intimacy during its spiritual services. In 1964, a three-story school building was added to accommodate the religious school and adult education classes. It is listed on both the New York State and National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Since 2009 the synagogue building has been undergoing an extensive renovation. The new windows, on the south side of the temple near Sanford Avenue are the latest part of the ongoing repairs. The New York Landmarks Conservancy awarded their first-ever Historic Synagogue Fund award for the restoration of its monumental stained glass windows and wood sash, and in December 2011, the synagogue dedicated its new stained glass windows with prayers led by Rabbi Michael S. Weisser.</p><br>
<p>At the time Wailuku School was dedicated in May 1904 , it was described as "the handsomest school building on the island or perhaps the country." Designed by one of the Territory of Hawaii&#39;s most prominent architects, C.W. Dickey , it remains the only stone school building in Maui. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on 30 June 2000.</p><br>
<p>On 21 May 1904 Territorial Senator Henry Perrine Baldwin laid the cornerstone and buried a cast iron time capsule containing an 1866 copy of the Daily Hawaiian Herald (whose most famous reporter was Mark Twain) and other publications from the era, along with an assortment of USA and Hawaiian coins and postage stamps. The time capsule was unearthed on 21 April 2004.</p><br>
<p>The royal palms that line the driveway were planted on Arbor Day in 1905, the old wooden schoolhouse was torn down in 1907, and new classrooms of concrete block were added in 1951. During World War II, the USA Army commandeered the building, forcing classes to be held in nearby churches and community buildings.</p><br>
<p>The Wilkinson-Martin House, also known as the Sims House, is a historic Federal style house at 954 North 1st Street in Pulaski, Tennessee. The house was built between 1830 and 1835. It is the oldest Federal style house and one of the oldest houses of any style surviving in Pulaski.</p><br>
<p>The Federal style developed and was widely employed in the north and east of the United States during the period 1785 to 1815. It reached and persisted in the south and west later, up to 1830. When this house was built the style was "definitely on the wane" but it "suited the tastes" of Wilkinson, a transplanted Virginian. The house is one of the last-built Federal houses in the area; at the time of its construction, the prevailing style had become Greek Revival.</p><br>
<p>Construction of the house included the use of slave labor.</p><br>
<p>Federal style applies to the inside as well as the exterior of the house.</p><br>
<p>The house was later home to Wilkinson&#39;s daughter and her husband David Martin, who twice served as mayor of Pulaski while living in the home.</p><br>
<p>The house remained in one family for 130 years. The Wilkinson family was one of the earliest white settler families in Giles County, having moved there in 1809, the year the county was established.</p><br>
<p>During the American Civil War, Pulaski was occupied by the Union Army from 1862 on. After the war ended, freed blacks began settling near the Wilkinson-Martin house, in the northwest section of Pulaski. The house retained its rural character, however.</p><br>
<p>It is now used as a community activities center.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on March 17, 2010.</p><br>
<p>It is located on a hill across from the historic Bridgeforth High School, a black institution which is also listed on the National Register.</p><br>
<p>A gazebo and a wishing well on the property are modern, non-contributing structures.</p><br>
<p>The Hotel Ramapo, now known as Taft Hotel, was previously known as Nortonia Hotel, Danmoore Hotel, and  Franklin Hotel. It is a historic residential hotel in Portland, Oregon, United States. Built in 1906, it is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Designed as a residential hotel by Edgar M. Lazarus in 1906, the building was owned by Lazarus until his death in 1939. He first leased it to Mrs. A. B. Norton, and the hotels first name was Nortonia Hotel. Mrs. Norton gave up her lease and used the name Nortonia for the next hotel she managed, now known as the Mark Spencer Hotel. In 1908, Lazarus leased the building to Dan Moore, who renamed the structure the Danmoore Hotel. Moore closed the hotel in 1909 when he could not make rent payments. Lazarus, refurnished the building and in June 1909 reopened it with the name Hotel Ramapo, with M. E. Foley as proprietor. In 1955, the Ramapo Hotel became the Taft Hotel, and the name Taft has been employed in the buildings subsequent uses. The building is now the Taft Home, a facility for senior and disabled adults.</p><br>
<p>Franklin Hotel was the erroneous historic name assigned to the building when it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985. The actual Franklin Hotel, located at 515 SW 13th Avenue, was built in 1907. How the author of the National Register nomination confused, by name, the Franklin Hotel (1907) with the historic Hotel Ramapo designed by Lazarus is not clear. The original National Register nomination makes no reference to Hotel Ramapo, the name by which the building was known for almost fifty years. The historic name was corrected on the National Register in January 2013.</p><br>
<p>Rupin Pass is a high altitude pass across the Himalaya mountain range in state of Himachal Pradesh, India. It lies on a traditional shepherd and hiking route which starts from Dhaula in Uttarakhand and ends in Sangla in Himachal Pradesh. The path itself is located across mostly uninhabited areas in the Himalayan ranges at an elevation of 15,250 ft  above sea level.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Rupin Pass trek consists of trails dug out of rock faces and wooden bridges, cut through deep dark folds in the mountain, glaciers and icy slopes, and over snow fields. Along the way there are white Rhododendrons and expanse of green meadows.</p><br>
<p>There are different trails that access the Rupin Pass. One of them starts at the sleepy village of Gosangu which is the last road head of Himachal Pradesh. Generally, trekkers and adventurers travel to Gosangu by road from Shimla via Rohru. The alternate route to Rupin Pass starts from Naitwar, which is accessible from Dehradhun via Dhaula. From either of the two road heads, the first camp is Jhaka, the hanging village and the last stop for replenishing stocks and a look at the civilization. Traveling the Rupin Pass is a moderate - difficult level of climbing. The trails follow the Rupin river all the way to the top (Upper waterfall camp).</p><br>
<h3>Access</h3><br>
<p>Rupin pass is at an altitude of 15250 ft above MSL and to reach here follow the</p><br>
<p>Dhaula 5,100 ft to Gosangu 6,300 ft.11 km. Via Sewa - Gosangu 6,300 ft to Jhaka 8,700 ft.9 km Via Jiskun 7,600 ft. - Jhaka 8,700 ft to Saruwas thatch 11,150 ft. 6 km. Via Uduknal - Saruwas thatch 11,150 ft to thatch 11,680 ft (lower water fall camp) 6 km. - thatch 11,680 ft to the top of the Rupin waterfall 13,120 ft - thatch 11,680 ft to Rupin pass 15,250 ft</p><br>
<p>The Ginini Flats Wetlands Ramsar Site, also known as the Ginini Flats Subalpine Bog Complex, is a wetland in the Australian Capital Territory  that has been recognised as being of international importance by designation under the Ramsar Convention. It was listed on 11 March 1996 as Ramsar site 793, and is the only such site in the ACT. It lies in the Australian Alps, close to the boundary of the ACT with New South Wales.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Before the disruption of traditional Aboriginal society by white settlers from 1825, many Aboriginal groups throughout the southern tablelands and slopes moved to the high country above 1,300 m in early summer to harvest Bogong moths, hold ceremonies and conduct trade. The region, including the area around the site, was subsequently used for livestock grazing and peat extraction. It is now protected within Namadgi National Park. Current human use of the area is largely limited to bushwalking and ski touring.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The site comprises a group of subalpine, spring-fed Sphagnum bogs, wet grassland and heath, with ephemeral pools and permanent streams, within a complex of interconnected flats known as the Ginini Flats and Cheyenne Flats. Its bogs include some of the largest, deepest and best preserved in mainland south-eastern Australia. The site lies at an altitude of between 1,500 and 1,600 m asl in the Brindabella Ranges,close to Mount Ginini and within the catchment of the Cotter River. The total area of wetland is about 50 ha, with the local catchment covering about 410 ha.</p><br>
<p>The area has an annual average rainfall of about 1,250 mm, with a mean minimum temperature of 4.2 °C and mean maximum at 13.4 °C. Snow falls from June to September, and freezing conditions, with temperatures falling to -20 °C, occur from about 1,450 m asl upwards. Most summer days are mild to warm, though series of hot days with temperatures of 35 °C and over can occur. Periods of drought sometimes dry out the Flats, and fires may be caused by lightning strikes.</p><br>
<h2>Flora and fauna</h2><br>
<p>The bogs lie at the northern limit of Sphagnum in the Australian Alps. The wetlands are surrounded by low open snowgum woodland with a mixed grass, herb and shrub understorey. Permanently wet areas are colonised by Sphagnum bog, mixed with wet herbfield, and wet heath dominated by swamp heath. Carex sedgelands develop on the edges of open water. Dry heath of leafy bossiaea and alpine shaggy-pea adjoins the woodlands in drier areas. On more permanently moist sites it is replaced by tall wet heath, dominated by woolly tea-tree.</p><br>
<p>The Ginini Flats support rare or endemic vertebrates and invertebrates, with many species at the northern limit of their range. The site is particularly important for the conservation of the northern corroboree frog (Pseudophryne pengilleyi), an endangered endemic frog, with a limited distribution, found only at altitudes over 1000 m asl. It also provides feeding and refuge habitat for transient Latham’s snipe during drought conditions. Broad-toothed rats inhabit the hummock grasslands, wet heath and bog complex. Large mammals include the eastern grey kangaroo, swamp wallaby, red-necked wallaby, short-beaked echidna, mountain brushtail possum, common ringtail possum and common wombat.</p><br>
<p>Mount Pulong Bato is a monolith located in Zamboanga City at the Zamboanga Peninsula, the western tip of the island of Mindanao in the Philippines. The mountain is situated in the Upper Abong-Abong Park within the Pasonanca Natural Park, in Barangay Pasonanca, only a few kilometers away from the city&#39;s downtown section.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>Pulong Bato became infamous because when the Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) confirmed the mountain is a volcano which is unknown to most people. What is unusual about the mountain is, unlike the other mountains surrounding the city, only Mt. Pulong Bato is made from solid rock.</p><br>
<p>According to PHIVOLCS, the volcano is an Intrusion type of volcano meaning it was formed within earth&#39;s crust. Magma was pushed from the beneath the earth surface but did not come out through an eruption like a typical volcano (Extrusion). The magma eventually solidified while it is still enclosed by softer rocks, which was later exposed by erosion or weathering, a process that could take thousands of years.</p><br>
<h2>Holy Week observance</h2><br>
<p>The mountain is near the premises of the famous Abong-Abong Park, where both domestic and foreign Catholic devotees pilgrimage annually during Holy Week to observe the holiday and meditate.</p><br>
<p>The 1616 Walnut Street Building or 1616 Building is a historic high-rise building in the Center City area of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.</p><br>
<p>The 24-story building stands 94 meters tall.</p><br>
<p>In 1930, the architects received an award for the building&#39;s design at the 12th International Buildings Congress in Budapest.</p><br>
<p>Its five-story parking garage on the Chancellor Street side, part of the original construction, was considered a novelty in 1929.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983, and the Philadelphia Register of Historic Places on January 7, 1982.</p><br>
<p>In 2013, 1616 Walnut Street was renamed "Icon" as it underwent an extensive renovation, transforming it from commercial space to a luxury Class-A multifamily community expected to open in 2014.</p><br>
<p>The Binnewater Historic District is a national historic district located at Rosendale in Ulster County, New York, United States. The district originally included nine contributing buildings built during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. They were all frame structures and included a railroad depot, a privy, a general store that was also a post office, a livery stable, two houses, a wagon shed, and two barns. The general store served as an unofficial railroad depot for the Wallkill Valley Railroad from 1875 until 1883, when the railroad constructed the actual station. The station was located too close to Binnewater Road, and was hit repeatedly by trucks. In May 1989, a large piece of the building broke off and fell into the street. The structure was subsequently demolished.</p><br>
<p>The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<p>Binnewater is known for its many lakes, including Williams Lake, Twin Lakes, and Fourth Lake. Williams Lake used to house Williams Lake Resort. This Resort included a hotel, a restaurant that was open to hotel guests and the public, and a private beach club membership.</p><br>
<p>The Trapps Mountain Hamlet Historic District is located on the Shawangunk Ridge in Gardiner, New York, United States. It is a large area that covers the site of a settlement that thrived there from the late 18th to mid-20th centuries. Inhabitants practiced subsistence farming, making it one of the rare such communities in the East to have left any trace remaining. They supplemented that with a variety of other trades, primarily in the forest products industry, with most inhabitants gradually coming to work at nearby mountain resorts in the 20th century. The last resident died in 1956.</p><br>
<p>Only foundations remain for most of the buildings, and only six remain standing. Those that do show a unique structural system that suggests an influence of the Native American tribes that lived in the area at the time it was settled. Today most of them are on protected lands in the area, with a few privately owned. In 2000 the area was designated a historic district and listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The Trapps historic district contains about 433 acres centered along the US 44/NY 55 highway and the Coxing Kill atop the Shawangunk in the northwestern portion of Gardiner, with some portions overlapping into neighboring Rochester. Most of that area is now reforested, part of the Mohonk Preserve or Minnewaska State Park Preserve, or privately owned. A network of hiking trails and unpaved carriage roads can be accessed from the two nature preserves.</p><br>
<p>The nearest large villages to the Trapps were New Paltz to the east and High Falls to the northeast. The mountainous topography of the area has been sculpted in large part by glacial action and stream erosion by the Coxing Kill and Peters Kill, which provided water and water power for the Trapps people. Over time, however, these two natural forces resulted in shallow, rocky soil, which helped to limit the hamlet&#39;s population.</p><br>
<p>The district&#39;s highest elevation is roughly 1,100 feet above sea level, falling to about 700 feet at its lowest point. Directly east are the Trapps and Near Trapps climbing cliffs, which face New Paltz and are managed by the Mohonk Preserve. The gap or notch between these cliff escarpments has provided access for traffice over the centuries, including the modern-day USA Route 44/55.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>During the colonial era, much of the northern Shawangunks were first partitioned into two land patents, the Groote Transport ("Great Transaction") Patent of 1730, and the Nineteen Partners Tract of 1770. These land patents covered most of the eastern portion of the colonial Town of Rochester and opened the way for settlement of the Trapps after the Revolutionary War. Early settlers moving up from the surrounding valleys were primarily of Dutch descent, with one or two families of English descent.</p><br>
<p>A will of the 1780s refers to a sawmill site later associated with the Enderly family. For about a century, Enderly families operated their farm, sawmill, and blacksmith forge on the Coxing Kill at the intersection of a centuries-old path and an unpaved colonial road. The Trapps hamlet itself grew along the Coxing Kill in the upper Clove, a Dutch word meaning cleft or valley.</p><br>
<p>Trapps families built homes of log, plank, and frame. A plank house is unique as a type of American vernacular architecture. It consists of vertical planks, or rough-cut thick boards, which were nailed together to form walls, raised in place, and connected at the corners with simple lap joints. There are no corner posts or studs. Planks and hand-hewn beams provided the basic structure or skeleton of the house. Due to the hamlet&#39;s isolation, a cultural lag existed there, with the Trapps people continuing to build log and plank houses through the 1800s.</p><br>
<p>Thin, rocky soil prevented the establishment of large farms in the Trapps. Families grew a few acres of corn, buckwheat, rye, oats, or potatoes; they kept a horse, cow or two, a handful of chickens, perhaps a few pigs. They supplemented their subsistence farm crops by selling butter, fruit, and eggs. Trapps men also shaved barrel hoops; peeled hemlock and oak bark for nearby leather tanneries; carved millstones from conglomerate rock; and burned charcoal. The Van Leuvens were a Trapps family widely known for burning Shawangunk charcoal.</p><br>
<p>Huckleberry picking was a major cash crop for the Trapps people from the 1800s to the mid-1900s. Families, from toddlers to grandparents, entered the berry woods from July to September, filling pails and buckets by the thousands. Pickers frequently set the woods on fire to create conditions more favorable to the berrys growth. At least one Trapps family spent summers in the vicinity of Sams Point above Ellenville, where seasonal berry camps became popular after 1900.</p><br>
<p>By the 1840s, the Trapps hamlet was large enough to support its own one-room school, with one established in 1850. Seven years later, the New Paltz and Wawarsing Turnpike was built through the Trapps; present-day USA Route 44/55 follows much of the old turnpike route. Turnpike investors hoped to open up markets for products from the Catskills, but within a few years the turnpike went bankrupt. Still, it allowed increased traffic through the Trapps, and the hamlet grew to include a hotel, boarding houses, a store and a chapel. In 1887, Philip H. Smith noted these features in his book, "Legends of the Shawangunks." The 1880s and 1890s were the peak years of the hamlet when about 40 to 50 families lived in the Trapps.</p><br>
<p>In 1859, John F. Stokes established the first mountain inn and tavern at Mohonk Lake. In 1869, Quaker Twins Albert and Alfred Smiley acquired the property, expanded the inn into a mountain house-styled hotel, and began buying available land to provide a natural retreat for their guests. In 1879, Alfred left Mohonk to open his first of two mountain houses at Minnewaska Lake to the south.</p><br>
<p>These mountain hotels provided steadier employment for the Trapps people, even as many sold their land to the Smiley families at either lake. Skilled men were also needed to build the mountain houses, as well as a network of trails and unpaved carriage roads for guest use. The Trapps, the Clove, and neighboring sister hamlets provided that skilled labor.</p><br>
<p>The hamlet declined after 1900 as technological advances replaced mountain industries. Wooden hoops for securing barrel staves gave way to steel hoops; millstones bowed out to steel. About 1907, the Town of Gardiner abandoned part of Van Leuven Road, a main north-south route in the Trapps; the town could no longer afford its maintenance. Pandemics, such as the Spanish Flu of 1918, also reduced the population.</p><br>
<p>The construction of USA Route 44/55 in the late 1920s helped accelerate the decline of the Trapps. The new, paved highway bypassed the hamlet center and cut some properties in two. Many of the remaining residents sold out completely and moved to nearby villages, such as Ellenville, Walden, and New Paltz, where they found work and a better way of life.</p><br>
<p>Irving Van Leuven was the last Trapps resident to live the old ways. Born and raised in the Trapps, Irv lived in a house without electricity or running water until his death in 1956. Irv was the last in the Trapps to burn charcoal and shave barrel hoops, skills he had learned from his father and grandfather.</p><br>
<p>Another Van Leuven home, bought in the 1920s by Mohonk Mountain House, became part of the Mohonk Preserve later in the century. During the 1960s and for several decades after, members of the Appalachian Mountain Club leased this house, affectionately known as the Appy Cabin, as a base for rock climbing on the nearby cliffs. Recognizing the building&#39;s value, the Mohonk Preserve restored the cabin, renamed it in honor of its last resident Eli Van Leuven, and opened it as a historic structure.</p><br>
<p>The Mohonk Preserve also secured designation for the Trapps mountain hamlet as a historic district on the New York State and National Registers for Historic Places. In addition, Preserve staff has identified about 65 cultural and historic sites within the district, including cellar holes (stone foundations) of former buildings, water-powered sawmills, bridge abutments, stone walls, stone quarries, charcoal pits, and burying grounds (cemeteries).</p><br>
<p>The Smiley hotels at Minnewaska were bought by the Phillips family in 1955 but were closed down in the 1970s. Both hotels burned down, and a proposal by the Marriott Corporation to redevelop the area as a private resort and condominiums led to widespread opposition. As a result, New York State arranged for the Palisades Interstate Park Commission to buy the property and manage it as Minnewaska State Park Preserve, putting that section of the Trapps mountain hamlet into public ownership.</p><br>
<h2>Visiting the Trapps Mountain Hamlet</h2><br>
<p>Eli Van Leuven Cabin. Built about 1889 in the plank house style, this is the only remaining building of the former Trapps hamlet on Mohonk Preserve land. The Preserve restored the cabin and opens it periodically for guided tours, which are announced on the Preserve&#39;s.</p><br>
<p>The Trapps Mountain Hamlet Path leading to the Eli Van Leuven Cabin. Following the old Van Leuven Road, this path is accessed from the Mohonk Preserves West Trapps Trailhead on USA Route 44/55. A guide to the path is available at the trailhead kiosk or from the Preserves Visitor Center on USA Route 44/55. Along the path, visitors can discover the following:</p><br>
<p>- An abandoned millstone quarry, where Trapps stonecutters once blasted out stone slabs to carve and finish into millstones.</p><br>
<p>- An old bridge abutment, where a bridge once allowed people, horses, and wagons to cross the brook.</p><br>
<p>- An old stone fence or wall, which served as a boundary or field marker. Ben Fowler of the Trapps owned this property of about 150 acres, keeping about a third as pasture and meadow, and a few acres in rye, oats, and buckwheat for family use.</p><br>
<p>- Fowler burying ground, where Ben Fowler and other members of his family are buried, including several of his young grandchildren. The earliest headstone dates to 1866. At the end of the path beyond the burying ground is the Eli Van Leuven Cabin.</p><br>
<p>Visitors can also see remains of the former Enderly sawmill and farm, including the Enderly family burying ground, by driving west along USA Route 44/55 a short distance past the West Trapps Trailhead, and turning right onto Clove Road to the Preserve&#39;s Coxing Trailhead.</p><br>
<p>Darlington United Methodist Church is located in Darlington, Maryland. It is a pre Civil War structure, built in 1852, with white siding, large windows, and many historically original architecture. It is a church within the Baltimore Washington Conference of the United Methodist Church. It is also one of two churches part of the Darlington Methodist Charge, the other being Dublin United Methodist Church in Street, Maryland. Prior to July 2014, the church shared pastors with Rock Run United Methodist Church, located in nearby Level, Maryland. There was a third sister church, Thomas Run Church which closed its doors in 1945.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>With the purchase of land, known as “Phillip’s Purchase” from Joseph Worthington, in 1832 a log structure was built on the present site. It was later replaced in 1852 by the current frame structure, with a belfry and vestibule in 1892. A great revival occurred in 1896, with 185 converts in approximately six weeks.</p><br>
<p>The Church celebrated its 100th anniversary in August 1932 and was joined by Thomas Run Church (also known as Watters Meeting House) and Rock Run Church.</p><br>
<p>The Church sold land in 1936 for the new Darlington Elementary School, which replaced the old Darlington Academy located across the street from the church. The old academy building is now the home of Stephenson Lodge and Twice Blessed Thrift Store.</p><br>
<p>In 1956, the Christian Education Building was constructed and dedicated ten years in the presence of Bishop John Wesley Lord. It was dedicated in October 1978 to Mr. Robert Hostetter, who built it.</p><br>
<p>Our Church was selected to be on the Christmas in Darlington Tour in December 1978, which included six other properties of the village and area. The Church also started the Darlington Apple Festival, which officially began in 1986.</p><br>
<p>The inside of the Christian Education Building was severely damaged by a fire in December 2001 and was rebuilt in 2003. The new organ was purchased in 2004 and dedicated to Miss Laura Bradford, a long-time Church member and first grade teacher at the Darlington Elementary School.</p><br>
<p>The Church recently celebrated its 175th Anniversary in November 2007. We are one of 82 properties within the Darlington Historic District, which was listed in 1987 by Christopher Weeks.</p><br>
<h2>Community activities</h2><br>
<p>The Darlington United Methodist Church is very active in the local community. Although Darlington, Maryland is a small and quaint little hamlet, the activities embedded in its life appeal to so many. The biggest attraction of the year is the annual Darlington Apple Festival. Its numbers surge into thousands. It is the biggest fundraiser for the Church. The Church also participates with the local Darlington Lions Club.</p><br>
<h2>Nearby Landmarks</h2><br>
<p>Conowingo Dam</p><br>
<p>Havre de Grace</p><br>
<p>Susquehanna River</p><br>
<p>Chesapeake Bay</p><br>
<p>Deer Creek Friends Meetinghouse</p><br>
<p>Darlington, Maryland</p><br>
<h2>Role of Ministers</h2><br>
<p>The Role of Ministers since 1889:</p><br>
<p>The Buckler–Henry House, also known as the Grace Peck House, is a historic house in Portland, Oregon, United States. It is one of Portland&#39;s few remaining examples of 19th-century brick residential construction. John Buckler built the house in 1891 for Charles K. Henry, a real estate developer who platted the neighborhood in 1890, and subsequently purchased it. Prominent later residents included steamboat captain Jules Olivier and his daughter Grace Olivier Peck, who served in the Oregon House of Representatives for 22 years between 1948 and 1977. In her public life, she focused on social welfare issues and received many accolades from colleagues, governors, and the public.</p><br>
<p>The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<p>The Beaverhead Mountains, highest point Scott Peak, el. 11,393 ft, are a mountain range straddling the Continental Divide in the USA states of Montana and Idaho.  They are a sub-range of the Bitterroot Range, and divide Beaverhead County, Montana from Lemhi County, Idaho and Clark County, Idaho.</p><br>
<p>The Beaverheads encompass an area of 4,532 square miles. They lie to the east of the Bitterroot Mountains, to the south-west of the Big Hole Basin and the Pioneer Mountains and to the west of the Centennial Mountains. Passes in the mountains include Lemhi Pass, Bannock Pass, Big Hole Pass, Big Hole Pass II, Junction Pass and Monida Pass. The Beaverheads are further subdivided into the West Big Hole Mountains, the Big Hole Divide, the Tendoy Mountains, the Italian Peaks, and the Garfield Peaks.</p><br>
<p>The mountains take their name from Beaverhead Rock, to the north of the mountains. Major summits in the Beaverheads include Garfield Mountain (10,961 ft) and Eighteenmile Peak (11,141 ft).</p><br>
<p>The Beaverheads contain two large roadless areas, one predominantly in Montana and the other predominantly in Idaho. The West Big Hole roadless area is mostly in Montana and is about 215,000 acres in size. It includes parts of the Beaverhead National Forest in Montana and the Salmon National Forest in Idaho, and ranges in elevation from 4,500 feet on the Salmon River in Idaho to 10,620 feet at Homer Youngs Peak in Montana. Rugged peaks, semiarid foothills on the Idaho side, and extensive conifer forests on the Montana side provide habitat for a large elk herd that winters in Idaho and summers in Montana. The Montana side drains into the Big Hole River, a blue-ribbon trout stream. Marshy glacial valleys on the Montana portion constitute some of the best moose habitat in the state. Other wildlife includes black bear, mountain goat, bighorn sheep, lynx, marten, and deer.</p><br>
<p>The other large roadless area is mainly in Idaho and is centered on the Italian Peaks portion of the range. This area is about 360,000 acres in size and contains portions of the Beaverhead, Salmon, and Targhee National Forests. Scott Peak, el. 11,393 feet, the highest point in the Beaverheads, is in this roadless area. This area is predominantly semiarid sagebrush grassland with pockets of coniferous forest, large areas of quaking aspen, and alpine peaks. Wildlife includes pronghorn, black bear, golden eagle, elk, and mule deer.</p><br>
<p>These two roadless areas, along with the Centennial Mountains to the east and other roadless areas along the Continental Divide to the west, are important biological connectors allowing wildlife to migrate and disperse between two large wildland complexes: The Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem and Central Idaho Wilderness Ecosystem.</p><br>
<p>The Big Snowy Mountains, el. 8,681 ft, are a mountain range south of Lewistown, Montana in Fergus County, Montana. One of the few points of significant elevation in the area, this is considered one of Montana&#39;s island ranges. The smaller Little Snowy Mountains are a contiguous range immediately to the east.</p><br>
<p>About 112,000 acres of the Big Snowies are roadless, the bulk of this on the Lewis and Clark National Forest, as well as 6,870 acres in the Twin Coulees Wilderness Study Area on adjacent BLM land. 98,000 acres of the National Forest land are also a Wilderness Study Area. On a clear day the view from the top of Greathouse Peak extends from Canada to Yellowstone. A number of caves, some unexplored, exist on the west end of the range, including frozen-walled Ice Cave, usually 40 degrees cooler than outside summer temperatures.</p><br>
<p>The dominant tree species include ponderosa pine, douglas-fir, and subalpine fir on the heavily forested north slope, while the south slope is drier. Wildlife includes rattlesnakes and pronghorn on the grass-covered lower elevations and deer and black bear higher up.</p><br>
<p>The Castle Mountains, highest point Elk Peak, el. 8,589 ft, are an island range east of White Sulphur Springs in Meagher County, Montana, United States. About 30,000 acres of the Castles were roadless as of 1995. The western portion of the Castles are moist, while the eastside is dry, porous limestone hills. The range gets its name from "castle turrets", 50-foot high igneous rock spires on the western slopes. The range was the focus of mining activity in the previous century; crumbling remains of old miners&#39; cabins and diggings are present throughout the area. The landscape is characterized by a central cluster of peaks over 8,000 feet and extensive grassy parks surrounded by lodgepole pine and limber pine. The Castles are lightly used by recreationists except for hunters in the fall. On the peak of Castle Mountain itself is a login book for the few who reach the top. There is no trail that leads to the peak.</p><br>
